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Foundation, generative, multimodal and specialised models.
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2023
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Mar 1, 2023
GPT-3.5 Turbo
GPT-3.5 Turbo was the chat-optimised GPT-3.5 model OpenAI released through its API on 1 March 2023, priced at a tenth of the cost of earlier models and later replaced in ChatGPT by GPT-4o mini.
2022
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Dec 13, 2022
RT-1 (Robotics Transformer)
RT-1 is a transformer-based model for real-world robot control, trained on over 130,000 episodes collected with 13 robots and reported to perform more than 700 language instructions at a 97% success rate.
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Sep 21, 2022
Whisper
Whisper is OpenAI's open-source speech recognition system, released in September 2022 and trained on 680,000 hours of audio, which transcribes speech in many languages and translates it into English.
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May 3, 2022
OPT-175B (Open Pre-trained Transformer)
OPT-175B is a 175-billion-parameter language model from Meta AI, announced in May 2022. Meta said it was the first model of its size released with both pretrained weights and the code to train and use them.
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Apr 4, 2022
PaLM
PaLM is a 540-billion-parameter dense Transformer language model announced by Google Research in April 2022, trained with the Pathways system across 6,144 TPU v4 chips; it set strong few-shot results on many benchmarks.
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Mar 15, 2022
GPT-3.5 (text-davinci-002/003)
GPT-3.5 is the family of OpenAI language models between GPT-3 and GPT-4, released through API models such as text-davinci-002 and text-davinci-003 and underlying the first version of ChatGPT.
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Feb 2, 2022
AlphaCode
AlphaCode is a DeepMind code-generation system for competitive programming, announced in February 2022. On Codeforces contests held after its training data, it reached an estimated rank around the median participant. A Gemini-based AlphaCode 2 followed in December 2023.
2021
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Dec 8, 2021
Gopher
Gopher is DeepMind's 280-billion-parameter language model, announced in December 2021 alongside a study of what scale does to language models and a companion taxonomy of their risks.
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Oct 11, 2021
Megatron-Turing NLG 530B
Megatron-Turing NLG 530B is a 530-billion-parameter language model announced by NVIDIA and Microsoft on 11 October 2021, then the largest monolithic transformer language model, trained on NVIDIA's Selene supercomputer with Megatron-LM and DeepSpeed combined.
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Aug 2021
Jurassic-1
Jurassic-1 is the first family of large language models from AI21 Labs, announced with the AI21 Studio developer platform in August 2021. Its largest model, Jumbo, has 178 billion parameters.
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Jul 7, 2021
OpenAI Codex (2021 model)
OpenAI Codex is a 2021 GPT language model fine-tuned on public code from GitHub. It translates natural language into code, and was introduced alongside the HumanEval benchmark for testing code correctness.
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Jul 5, 2021
ERNIE 3.0
ERNIE 3.0 is a 10-billion-parameter pre-trained language model from 2021 that trains on plain text plus a large-scale knowledge graph and fuses auto-encoding and auto-regressive networks, so one model handles both language understanding and generation.
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May 18, 2021
LaMDA
LaMDA is a family of conversational language models that Google announced in 2021 and described in a 2022 paper, notable for its work on safety and factual grounding in dialogue and for later powering Bard.
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Jan 5, 2021
CLIP
An image-text model from OpenAI that learns to match pictures with their captions. Trained on about 400 million image-caption pairs, it can classify images by comparing them against written prompts, with no task-specific training.
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Jan 5, 2021
DALL·E
DALL·E is OpenAI's text-to-image model unveiled on 5 January 2021: a 12-billion-parameter transformer trained on 250 million text-image pairs that generates a picture token by token from a caption.
2020
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May 28, 2020
GPT-3
GPT-3 is an autoregressive language model with 175 billion parameters, described in a May 2020 paper. It could perform new tasks from a few examples in the prompt, without any gradient updates, and it was first offered through OpenAI's API.
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Jan 28, 2020
Meena
Meena is a 2.6-billion-parameter open-domain chatbot from Google, trained end-to-end on filtered social media conversations. Its 2020 paper introduced the SSA human-evaluation metric and linked next-token perplexity to human-judged chat quality. The work was later renamed LaMDA.
2019
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Oct 23, 2019
T5 (Text-to-Text Transfer Transformer)
T5 is a family of Google Transformer models that recasts every language task as text in, text out. Its 11-billion-parameter version set state of the art on several benchmarks, and the code, models and C4 dataset were released openly.
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Jul 29, 2019
ERNIE 2.0
ERNIE 2.0 is Baidu's pre-trained language model framework, published in 2019, which builds pre-training tasks incrementally through continual multi-task learning and reported results above BERT and XLNet on English and Chinese benchmarks.
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Mar 2019
ERNIE 1.0
Baidu's first ERNIE pre-trained language model, released in March 2019, added entity- and phrase-level masking to BERT-style pre-training and reported state-of-the-art results on five Chinese NLP tasks.
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Feb 14, 2019
GPT-2
GPT-2 is a large language model that OpenAI announced in February 2019. Its largest version has 1.5 billion parameters. OpenAI first withheld the full model, then released it in stages through November 2019.
2018
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Oct 11, 2018
BERT
BERT is a language model from Google that reads text in both directions and is pre-trained by filling in masked words. Fine-tuned per task, it set new records on question answering and language-understanding benchmarks and later went into Google Search.
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Jun 11, 2018
GPT-1
GPT-1 was OpenAI's first generative pre-trained transformer, published in June 2018. It showed that one language model, pre-trained on unlabelled text and then fine-tuned, could improve results on many language tasks.