China

Wang Xingxing (born 1990) is the founder and chief executive of Unitree, the robotics company behind the AlienGo and Go1 quadruped robots and the H1 humanoid robot.

ByteDance is a Chinese internet company founded in 2012, whose AI work includes the Doubao chatbot, the TRAE coding tool, the Seed model team and the Volcano Engine cloud platform.[^1]

UBTECH Robotics is a robot company founded in March 2012 that moved from small humanoid robots to full-size industrial humanoids, listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in 2023, and began mass production delivery of its Walker S2 robot in 2025.

Chinese supplier of advanced driver assistance and automated driving systems for passenger cars, founded in 2015, the largest domestic provider by installation volume, and listed in Hong Kong in 2024.

A Chinese robotics company established in Hangzhou in 2016 that designs and builds quadruped and humanoid robots, selling them at both low starting prices and industrial contract scale.

Chinese humanoid robotics company founded in February 2023 by Peng Zhihui, a former Huawei "genius youth"; it builds complete robots and their joint modules, and aims to push hardware costs below 200,000 yuan.

DeepSeek is a Chinese AI company founded in Hangzhou in July 2023 as a spin-off of the AGI research lab of High-Flyer, a hedge fund. It releases its main models with open weights.

DeepSeek-V3 is an open-weight mixture-of-experts language model that DeepSeek released in December 2024. Each token uses 37 billion of its 671 billion parameters, and DeepSeek describes its chat model as comparable to leading closed-source systems.

A technical report from DeepSeek-AI on DeepSeek-V3, a mixture-of-experts language model with 671 billion total parameters, describing its architecture, training pipeline, and evaluations, including a full training run of 2.788 million H800 GPU hours.

Huawei's Ascend 910C is a data-center AI chip in the 910 series, built on the Da Vinci architecture. It reached the market in the first quarter of 2025 with 800 TFLOPS of FP16 compute and 128 GB of HBM.

Huawei CloudMatrix384 is a Huawei Cloud service instance built on Atlas 900 A3 SuperPoDs, each linking up to 384 Ascend 910C chips so that they work as one computer.

DeepSeek-R1 is an open-weight reasoning model that DeepSeek released on 20 January 2025. Built on DeepSeek-V3-Base and trained with reinforcement learning, it is released under the MIT License, which allows commercial use and distillation.

The DeepSeek-R1 report described how a reasoning model was trained largely with reinforcement learning, rewarding correct answers, and reached performance comparable to OpenAI's o1 on math, code and reasoning benchmarks. Its weights were released openly.

Huawei's intelligent driving system released in Shanghai on 22 April 2025, built on a cloud-plus-vehicle WEWA architecture and offered in four versions, the flagship carrying a dedicated highway L3 package.

Qwen3 is a family of large language models from Alibaba, released on 29 April 2025 under Apache 2.0. Its main feature is hybrid thinking, which lets one model reason step by step or answer directly.

The Qwen3 Technical Report presents Alibaba's Qwen3 family of dense and mixture-of-experts language models, which unify thinking and non-thinking modes, add a controllable thinking budget, and are released under the Apache 2.0 licence.

Kimi K2 is an open-weight mixture-of-experts language model from Moonshot AI, released in July 2025 with 1 trillion total parameters, 32 billion active per token and a 128K-token context.

Kimi K2 is Moonshot AI's trillion-parameter mixture-of-experts model, pre-trained with the MuonClip optimizer and post-trained on large-scale agentic data plus reinforcement learning; the report reports state-of-the-art results among open-source non-thinking models and releases base and post-trained checkpoints.

Huawei's Ascend 950 is a two-chip AI series announced in September 2025, pairing a shared die with Huawei's own high bandwidth memory, up to 2 PFLOPS in low precision formats and 2 TB/s interconnect.

ByteDance's video generation model released in February 2026, built to produce picture and sound together from text, image, audio or video inputs, and known for a copyright dispute that paused its global rollout.

Zhipu's GLM-5 report describes a 744-billion-parameter mixture-of-experts model built on sparse attention and asynchronous reinforcement learning, aimed at moving AI-assisted programming from vibe coding toward agentic engineering.

DeepSeek-V4, released in preview on 24 April 2026, comprises V4-Pro and V4-Flash, two open mixture-of-experts models with a 1M-token context. Its architecture targets long-context efficiency, and its later releases extended the series with agent upgrades and multimodal input.

A preview report on the DeepSeek-V4 series, describing a 1.6-trillion-parameter Pro model and a 284-billion-parameter Flash model, both with one-million-token context, plus the attention, connection and optimization changes that make that length affordable.

Kimi K3 is a 2.8-trillion-parameter open-weight multimodal model from Moonshot AI, released on 16 July 2026 with weights following on 27 July under the Kimi K3 License.

Kimi K3 is Moonshot AI's 2.8-trillion-parameter open mixture-of-experts model with native vision and a one-million-token context, released with full weights. Its report describes the architecture, training and serving work behind it, and reports frontier-level results that still trail the strongest proprietary models.

Apollo Go is Baidu's autonomous ride-hailing service. It reported more than 2.2 million fully driverless rides in the second quarter of 2025, had passed 14 million cumulative rides by August 2025, and is expanding through testing permits and partnerships with Uber and Lyft.

The State Council is China's Central People's Government: the executive body of the highest organ of state power and the highest organ of state administration, led by a Premier who assumes overall responsibility.

Andrew Chi-Chih Yao is a computer scientist born in Shanghai who won the 2000 ACM A.M. Turing Award for fundamental contributions to the theory of computation, and later founded Tsinghua University's Yao Class and IIIS.

Taiwan-born computer scientist and executive who built research labs at Microsoft and Google in China, co-founded Sinovation Ventures, wrote widely read books on AI, and founded the foundation-model company 01.AI.

Robin Li (李彦宏) is a Chinese technologist and businessman who co-founded Baidu in 2000 and has been its chief executive since 2004. He is best known for the company's search business and its ERNIE AI models.

Zhou Zhihua is a Chinese computer scientist at Nanjing University who works on ensemble learning, weakly supervised learning and multi-label learning. He founded the LAMDA institute there, serves as a university vice president, and was elected to the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2025.

Chinese technology entrepreneur who co-founded ByteDance in 2012 and led it as CEO until November 2021, when he handed the role to co-founder Liang Rubo and remained founder and chairman.

Liang Wenfeng is a Chinese entrepreneur who co-founded the quantitative hedge fund High-Flyer and founded the AI company DeepSeek in 2023. He is the corresponding author of the DeepSeek-R1 paper published in Nature in 2025.

Huawei is a Chinese information and communications technology company founded in Shenzhen in 1987. It designs its own Ascend AI chips and the software and large computing systems built around them.

Tencent is a Chinese internet company founded in 1998, known for QQ, WeChat and video games. Since 2023 its Hunyuan model line has been its main AI effort, later branded Hy.

iFlytek is a Chinese information technology company founded in 1999 and headquartered in Hefei. It is known for speech technology and for its Spark large language models, first released on 6 May 2023.

Alibaba Group is a technology company founded in 1999 that describes itself as focused on AI + Cloud and commerce; its Qwen models and data centre build-out are central to that positioning.

Baidu is a Beijing-based Chinese internet company founded in 2000. It runs China's dominant search engine and develops the ERNIE model family and the ERNIE Bot chatbot.

A department of China's State Council, established in March 2008 to administer industry, communications and informatisation. It consolidated industrial and information-technology functions that had previously been spread across several government bodies.

Alibaba Cloud is the cloud computing arm of Alibaba Group and the developer of the Qwen (Tongyi Qianwen) large language model family, which is released as both open weights and proprietary models.

Kuaishou Technology is a Beijing-based short-video and live-streaming company, founded in 2011 as GIF Kuaishou. It listed in Hong Kong in 2021 and builds the Kling video generation model.

The State Internet Information Office — the Cyberspace Administration of China — is the Chinese body that manages online information content, from news licensing and website enforcement to algorithm rules and AI content labeling.

Insilico Medicine is a drug discovery company founded in the United States in 2014 that pairs an AI software platform, Pharma.AI, with its own pipeline of drug programmes and automated laboratory work.

A Chinese chip designer founded in 2014 that builds x86-compatible processors and DCU accelerators, listed on the STAR Market in 2022 and positioning itself around a self-developed C86 plus GPGPU product line.

SenseTime is a Chinese AI company founded in October 2014 and listed in Hong Kong at the end of 2021. It develops the SenseNova large models and, in 2026, reported its first IFRS net profit since listing.

Fourier is a Shanghai robotics company founded in 2015 by Gu Jie. It began with rehabilitation robots and exoskeletons, then released the GR-1, GR-2 and GR-3 full-size humanoid robots in 2023, 2024 and 2025.

Li Auto is a Chinese automaker that describes itself as a pioneer in commercialising extended-range electric vehicles in China. It sells extended-range and battery-electric family vehicles and has built a large delivery, retail and charging footprint.

Momenta is a Chinese "physical AI" company founded in 2016 by Cao Xudong that supplies driving software to carmakers around the world, and it listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in July 2026.

A Chinese AI chip company founded in 2016 and listed on the STAR Market in 2020. It designs cloud, edge and endpoint chips, and in 2025 it turned profitable as revenue rose sharply.

Pony.ai is an autonomous driving company founded in Fremont, California, in late 2016. It runs robotaxi, robotruck and personal-vehicle businesses on a common "virtual driver" system, and operates in both California and China.

WeRide is an autonomous driving company founded in Silicon Valley in 2017 by Tony Han, formerly chief scientist of Baidu's autonomous driving unit. Its WeRide One platform spans L2 to L4 autonomy, and its vehicles run in more than 60 cities.

An annual artificial intelligence conference held in Shanghai since 2018, co-hosted by Chinese government bodies and the Shanghai municipal government, combining forums, exhibitions and signed investment projects.

Zhipu AI, also known as Z.ai, is a Beijing company founded in 2019 as a Tsinghua University spin-out. It develops the GLM model family and related chatbot, video, agent and coding products, and listed in Hong Kong in January 2026.

Baidu's first ERNIE pre-trained language model, released in March 2019, added entity- and phrase-level masking to BERT-style pre-training and reported state-of-the-art results on five Chinese NLP tasks.

Huawei's Ascend 910 is an AI training processor launched in 2019 alongside the MindSpore framework, rated at 256 teraflops FP16 and used to train the PanGu-α language models on clusters of thousands of chips.

Chinese chip designer founded in 2019 that builds general-purpose GPU (GPGPU) chips and intelligent computing solutions on its self-developed BILI series hardware and BIRENSUPA software, for AI training and inference from cloud to edge.

Chinese GPU company Moore Threads, founded in 2020 by former Nvidia China head Zhang Jianzhong, sells AI accelerator cards, servers and clusters built on its MUSA architecture. It listed on the STAR Market in 2025 and is growing fast while still loss-making.

Shenmai FFR is a software package that applies deep learning to CT coronary angiograms to estimate coronary flow reserve, helping clinicians judge whether a narrowing will cause myocardial ischaemia. It holds medical device approvals in China, the EU and the US.

Cambricon's third-generation cloud AI chip, released in 2021: a 7 nm chiplet design with two compute dies, 256 TOPS at INT8, LPDDR5 memory and multi-chip interconnect, positioned for cost-effective inference.

Kunlunxin is the AI chip company spun out of Baidu in April 2021, continuing Baidu's Kunlun chip line. It designs processors for AI workloads in data centres and is one of China's largest domestic AI chip suppliers.

A four-legged consumer robot launched by Unitree in June 2021, the Go1 cost about 16,000 yuan and ran at up to 4.7 metres per second — an early attempt to sell a legged robot to ordinary buyers.

ERNIE 3.0 is a 10-billion-parameter pre-trained language model from 2021 that trains on plain text plus a large-scale knowledge graph and fuses auto-encoding and auto-regressive networks, so one model handles both language understanding and generation.

MiniMax is a Shanghai-based AI company founded in December 2021 by computer-vision researchers from SenseTime. It builds text, speech and video models and consumer apps such as Talkie and Hailuo AI, and listed in Hong Kong in January 2026.

NVIDIA's A800 is a data-center GPU that went into production in 2022 as a China-market alternative to the A100, with a reduced chip-to-chip transfer rate to meet US export-control thresholds.

Manus is a Singapore-based AI startup, founded in Beijing as Butterfly Effect in 2022, that builds AI agents. Meta agreed to buy it for about $2 billion, the deal was blocked in China, and it later returned to independence.

Biren's general-purpose GPU, released in August 2022, packages two dies on a 7 nm process with 77 billion transistors; the company claimed PFLOPS-level single-chip compute, a first for a Chinese firm.

GLM-130B is a 130-billion-parameter open bilingual Chinese–English dense language model from Tsinghua University's KEG group and Zhipu AI, built to give researchers an open model that matches GPT-3 at the hundred-billion scale.

An open-source AI model community launched by Alibaba's DAMO Academy with partners in 2022, hosting hundreds of ready-to-use models and promoting "Model-as-a-Service".

Huawei's Ascend 910B is a 2023 volume-production AI chip rated at 320 TFLOPS of FP16, with 32 GB of HBM2e memory, 1.6 TB/s of bandwidth and a 310 W envelope on a 7-nanometer domestic process.

Cambricon's MLU 590 is a 7 nm cloud AI chip released in 2023 for both training and inference on models with hundreds of billions of parameters, and the centrepiece of the company's fifth-generation MLUarch line.

An open bilingual chat model from Zhipu AI and Tsinghua KEG with about 6.2 billion parameters, small enough to run on one consumer GPU, with weights fully open for research.

PixVerse, founded in 2023 as Aishi Technology, is an AI video generation company whose in-house models power a web app, an API and agent tools; a March 2026 Series C made it a unicorn.

NVIDIA's China-specific data-center GPU, built to stay inside US export controls. Cut down from the H100 in core count and performance, it was still the most advanced NVIDIA chip legally sold in China until April 2025.

Chinese generative-AI company founded in March 2023 that built the Vidu video model and now describes two lines of work: world generation models and world action models.

The H800 is a China-market version of NVIDIA's H100 data-center GPU, adapted to fit the US export rules of October 2022 by cutting chip-to-chip transfer speed. It was later used to train DeepSeek-V3 and was covered by tighter US controls in October 2023.

Chinese AI company founded in Beijing in 2023 by Tsinghua schoolfriends Yang Zhilin, Zhou Xinyu and Wu Yuxin; maker of the long-context Kimi assistant and the K-series models, and one of China's fastest-rising model developers by valuation.

01.AI is a Beijing-based artificial intelligence company founded in 2023 by Kai-Fu Lee. It builds open and closed large language models, including the Yi series, and the Wanzhi enterprise platform.

ERNIE Bot (文心一言) is Baidu's chatbot, first released to invited testers in March 2023 and opened to the public that August. It has been offered in free and paid tiers and renamed Wenxiaoyan in 2024.

The Qwen app is Alibaba's consumer chatbot built on its Qwen models. It began as a beta of Tongyi Qianwen in April 2023 and has since added app integrations and reached 234 million users by May 2026.

StepFun (阶跃星辰) is a Shanghai AI company founded in April 2023 by former Microsoft staff. It builds multimodal Step-series models and has open-sourced several of them.

SenseNova is SenseTime's family of foundation models, unveiled on 10 April 2023 with a chatbot, an image generator and an avatar video generator, first offered to government and corporate clients rather than the public.

Baichuan Intelligence (百川智能) is a Beijing AI company founded in April 2023 by Wang Xiaochuan. It released open-source language models from 2023 and later focused on applying AI to healthcare.

SparkDesk is iFlytek's cognitive large model, unveiled on 6 May 2023 as the company's answer to ChatGPT in education and enterprise uses, built on Huawei Ascend chips and followed by rapid version updates through 2024.

Pangu-Weather is a three-dimensional deep-learning model for medium-range global weather forecasting, published in Nature in 2023; on reanalysis data it produced stronger forecasts than ECMWF's operational system across all tested variables.

Doubao is ByteDance's AI chatbot, opened for invitation testing in August 2023 and later offering text, image and voice generation, AI search and video generation.[^1][^2]

Qwen, known in Chinese as Tongyi Qianwen (通义千问), is Alibaba's family of large language models. Its first open-weight model, Qwen-7B, was released on 3 August 2023, and the family has grown through many later versions.

Unitree H1 is a full-size humanoid robot released by Unitree Robotics in August 2023. It stands about 180 cm tall, weighs about 47 kg, runs at up to 3.3 m/s and comes with a quick-swap battery pack.

AgiBot Yuanzheng A1 is a 175 cm, 55 kg humanoid robot unveiled by AgiBot on 18 August 2023, with 49 degrees of freedom, a 7 km/h walking speed, custom PowerFlow joint modules and the WorkGPT agent model as its software stack.

Baichuan 2 is the second-generation open model family from Baichuan, released on 6 September 2023 in 7B and 13B sizes. Commercial use required an application and was limited by user numbers.

Hunyuan is Tencent's first proprietary large foundation model, unveiled in September 2023 and offered to enterprises through Tencent Cloud. The line was later branded Hy.

Kimi is an AI chatbot from Moonshot AI, released in October 2023 and opened to the public the following month. It is known for very long context windows and has since added search, agent and coding features.

ERNIE 4.0 is Baidu's foundation model unveiled in October 2023, pitched as its most capable model and, in Robin Li's words, "not inferior in any aspect to GPT-4". It anchors Baidu's ERNIE Bot assistant and Qianfan platform.

Yi-34B and Yi-6B are open bilingual base models from 01.AI, released in November 2023 and trained on 3 trillion tokens. Yi-34B ranked first among open pre-trained models at launch.

The Kunlunxin P800 is a Chinese AI accelerator launched in 2024, the third generation of Kunlunxin's line, built on its own XPU-P architecture and used in large training clusters and in customer deployments.

Hailuo AI is MiniMax's generative AI product, launched in March 2024 for text and music generation and extended to video with the video-01 model. It drew copyright scrutiny when major studios sued MiniMax in September 2025.

SenseNova 5.0 is SenseTime's large language model released in April 2024, built on a mixture-of-experts architecture with a roughly 200K-token context window, which the company positioned as matching or surpassing GPT-4 Turbo.

DeepSeek-V2 is a mixture-of-experts language model released in May 2024 with 236B total parameters, of which 21B are activated per token. It introduced Multi-head Latent Attention and used DeepSeekMoE for economical sparse training.

A humanoid robot announced by Unitree Robotics on 13 May 2024 with a starting price of 99,000 yuan. The G1 weighs about 35 kg, folds for transport, and comes in a standard version and a configurable EDU version.

Yi-Large is a closed large language model with about one hundred billion parameters, released by 01.AI on 13 May 2024 and offered through its API platform; 01.AI reported top rankings for it on several public benchmarks.

ByteDance's Doubao model family, launched through Volcano Engine in May 2024, offered general-purpose, speech and image models at prices far below rivals, helping set off a price war among Chinese providers.

Tencent Yuanbao is an AI assistant app from Tencent, launched on 30 May 2024, that runs on its Hunyuan models and later integrated DeepSeek-R1, HY 2.0 and Hy3.

Kling AI is Kuaishou's AI video and image creation platform, built on its Kling models. It began testing in June 2024 and went global that July, and its annualised revenue run rate passed US$240 million by December 2025.

Kling (可灵) 1.0 is Kuaishou's video generation model. Text-to-video opened for testing on 6 June 2024, and Kling could generate videos of up to two minutes at up to 1080p.

Qwen2 is the Qwen family's June 2024 generation, with five sizes from 0.5B to 72B parameters, context lengths up to 128K tokens, and most sizes released under Apache 2.0.

iFlytek's large language model released on 27 June 2024 and trained entirely on a domestic platform co-built with Huawei; iFlytek presented it as reaching GPT-4 level while acknowledging weaker coding and multimodal abilities.

Step-2 is a trillion-parameter language model from StepFun built on a Mixture-of-Experts architecture. A preview appeared in March 2024; the official version launched at WAIC in July 2024.

Qwen2.5 is the Qwen family's September 2024 generation. Its launch included 13 open-weight models, with up to 18 trillion pretraining tokens, 128K context and most models under Apache 2.0.

UBTECH Walker S1 is an industrial humanoid robot released on 14 October 2024. Standing 172 cm and weighing 76 kg, it can walk while carrying a 15 kg payload and has been trialled in BYD and Audi FAW car plants.

Yi-Lightning is 01.AI's flagship model from October 2024, built on an enhanced Mixture-of-Experts design. It ranked sixth overall on the LMSYS Chatbot Arena at launch and first among Chinese models.

Hunyuan-Large is Tencent's open-weight mixture-of-experts model, with 389 billion total parameters and 52 billion activated, released in November 2024 under a Tencent license.

IRON is XPENG's humanoid robot, first shown in November 2024 and redesigned a year later. It borrows the chip, vision system and AI models XPENG developed for its cars, and was trialled on a car production line.

HunyuanVideo is Tencent's open-source text-to-video generation model, with over 13 billion parameters, released in December 2024. Running it locally needs at least 60GB of GPU memory.

Moore Threads' flagship training-and-inference GPU card, built on the PH100 chip and the Pinghu architecture, rated at 1,000 TFLOPS of dense AI compute with 80 GB of memory, and the company's main shipping product in 2025.

Hygon's Shengsuan No. 3 is a GPGPU-architecture deep computing processor that reached the market in 2025, built on a 7 nm chiplet design with 1.8 TB/s of HBM bandwidth and a CUDA-like software stack.

UBTECH's second-generation industrial humanoid robot, launched in 2025, features a three-minute self-swap battery system and entered mass production and delivery the same year.

TRAE is ByteDance's AI coding product, launched in January 2025 with an IDE, a plugin and the SOLO agent. Its SOLO agent was renamed TRAE Work in June 2026.[^1][^9]

MiniMax-01 is an open-weight model series released in January 2025. It includes the language model MiniMax-Text-01 and the vision-language model MiniMax-VL-01, and uses a hybrid attention design that supports very long context.

iFlytek Spark X1 is a Chinese deep-reasoning model released in January 2025 and trained entirely on domestic computing hardware, with later upgrades benchmarked against OpenAI's reasoning models.

The DeepSeek app is the company's official free chatbot, offered on the web and as mobile apps since 15 January 2025. It topped the U.S. App Store in late January 2025.

Kimi k1.5 is a multimodal reasoning model released by Moonshot AI on 20 January 2025, which the company said matched OpenAI's o1 in mathematics, coding and multimodal reasoning and which was trained with reinforcement learning rather than tree search or process reward models.

Doubao-1.5-pro, released by ByteDance on 22 January 2025, is a closed multimodal model built on a sparse mixture-of-experts design. It was offered through Volcano Engine at low API prices.

Qwen2.5-Max is Alibaba's large mixture-of-experts model, announced in January 2025. It was offered through Qwen Chat and the Alibaba Cloud API, and its weights were not released.

Step-Video-T2V is an open text-to-video model with 30 billion parameters. StepFun released its weights, code, a Turbo variant and a technical report under the MIT license on 17 February 2025.

Wan2.1 is Alibaba's open-source video generation model family, released on 25 February 2025 under Apache 2.0. It creates videos from text or images and can render Chinese and English text.

Hunyuan Turbo S is a fast-thinking model released by Tencent on 27 February 2025, built on a hybrid Mamba-Transformer design with 560 billion total parameters. Its weights were not released.

Ling is a family of open-weight Mixture-of-Experts language models from Ant Group's InclusionAI, released with a technical report arguing that a 300B-scale MoE can be trained without premium GPUs.

A 32-billion-parameter open-weight reasoning model released by the Qwen team on 6 March 2025, trained mainly through scaled reinforcement learning and reported to perform comparably to the much larger DeepSeek-R1.

A general-purpose embodied foundation model released by AgiBot on 10 March 2025, built on a Vision-Language-Latent-Action architecture. In the company's tests across five tasks it raised average success rate from 46% to 78%.

ERNIE 4.5 is Baidu's native multimodal foundation model, released on 16 March 2025 and handling text, images, audio and video. In June 2025 Baidu open-sourced ten models from the family under the Apache License 2.0.

ERNIE X1 is Baidu's deep-thinking reasoning model released on 16 March 2025 alongside ERNIE 4.5, notable for tool use, multimodal input and low pricing, and later followed by X1 Turbo and X1.1.

Hunyuan-T1 is Tencent's deep-reasoning model, officially released on 21 March 2025 and built on the Hunyuan-TurboS base. Tencent did not release its weights.

Tiangong Ultra is a 180 cm humanoid robot that won the 2025 Beijing Yizhuang humanoid half marathon, finishing 21.0975 km in 2 hours 40 minutes 42 seconds at an average of 7.88 km/h.

Seed-Thinking-v1.5 is a reasoning model from ByteDance Seed: a 20B-activated, 200B-total mixture-of-experts model trained with reinforcement learning to think before answering, published with a technical report and benchmark tables but no model weights.

SenseTime's SenseNova V6 is a native mixture-of-experts multimodal foundation model with over 600 billion parameters, released on 10 April 2025 in general, reasoning and real-time interactive variants.

Kling 2.0 is Kuaishou's AI video generator, launched globally in April 2025 and billed by the company as the world's most powerful, with a multimodal editing feature and the Multi-modal Visual Language concept.

MiMo-7B is a 7-billion-parameter reasoning model from Xiaomi's LLM-Core team, pre-trained on 25 trillion tokens and tuned with reinforcement learning on verifiable math and code problems, reported to surpass OpenAI o1-mini on several reasoning benchmarks.

An updated release of DeepSeek's open-weight reasoning model, published on 28 May 2025 under the MIT License, with markedly higher scores on competition math, science and coding benchmarks, plus system-prompt support and stronger function calling.

MiniMax-M1 is an open reasoning model released by MiniMax in June 2025. It has 456B total parameters, a native 1-million-token context and an Apache 2.0 license, and it comes in 40K and 80K thinking-budget versions.

ByteDance Seed's general-purpose model series, announced on 11 June 2025 as Doubao Large Model 1.6, combining multimodal input, a 256K context window and a mode that decides per prompt whether to reason before answering.

Seedance 1.0 is a video-generation model from ByteDance Seed, announced in June 2025. One model handles text-to-video and image-to-video, produces 1080p multi-shot clips, and ranked first on two Artificial Analysis leaderboards.

GLM-4.5 is Zhipu's open-weight language model, released in July 2025 with 355 billion total parameters and a lighter sibling, GLM-4.5-Air. Both are hybrid reasoning models released under the MIT License.

Qwen3-2507 is a staged 2025 refresh of the open-weight Qwen3 models that split thinking and non-thinking into separate checkpoints, raised native context to 262,144 tokens, and scored far above the original non-thinking mode on published benchmarks.

Qwen3-Coder is an open-weight family of coding models from the Qwen team; its flagship 480B-parameter model, announced in July 2025, was built and trained specifically for agentic coding tasks.

Step 3 is StepFun's open multimodal reasoning model, with 321 billion total parameters and 38 billion active per token. It was released in July 2025 and uses Apache 2.0.

Unitree R1 is a small humanoid robot released by Unitree on 25 July 2025 at a starting price of 39,900 yuan, the company's third humanoid model and its lowest-priced one to date.

GR-3 is the third-generation robot in Fourier's GRx series and the company's first medical and elderly-care robot built around interactive companionship. It was shown at WAIC 2025 and launched in Beijing on 6 August 2025.

ByteDance Seed's open-weight 36-billion-parameter model family from August 2025, trained on 12 trillion tokens with a 512K-token context window and a user-settable thinking budget.

Li Auto's VLA Driver model is a vision-language-action driving model that began reaching customers with the Li i8 in August 2025 and was pushed to all AD Max users via OTA 8.0 in September 2025.

DeepSeek-V3.1, released on 21 August 2025 under the MIT License, was DeepSeek's first hybrid model, supporting both a thinking mode and a non-thinking mode in one set of weights. It has 671 billion total parameters, with 37 billion activated per token.

Qwen3-Max is Alibaba's proprietary trillion-parameter language model, released in September 2025 and served through Alibaba's API. It is the Max-tier flagship that followed Qwen2.5-Max.

Qwen3-VL is Alibaba's open vision-language model family, released in September 2025 under Apache 2.0. Its 235B flagship handles long video, GUI operation and 2D and 3D grounding.

Seedream 4.0 is ByteDance Seed's image model released in September 2025, which puts text-to-image generation, image editing and multi-image composition into a single architecture and can output images from 1K up to 4K resolution.

LongCat-Flash is a 560-billion-parameter Mixture-of-Experts language model from Meituan's LongCat team, which activates roughly 27 billion parameters per token and was released with open weights under the MIT license.

Huawei's Ascend 970 is a planned AI chip announced in September 2025 as the last entry on the company's published roadmap, targeted for the fourth quarter of 2028 with roughly double the compute and wider interconnect and memory bandwidth than the Ascend 960.

The Ascend 960 is a Huawei AI chip on the company's three-year roadmap, slated for the fourth quarter of 2027 with twice the compute, memory and interconnect ports of the Ascend 950 and support for Huawei's HiF4 4-bit format.

An open-source image generation model from Tencent that handles image understanding and generation inside a single autoregressive mixture-of-experts framework; its code, weights and technical report were released in September 2025.

MiniMax-M2 is an open-weights mixture-of-experts language model released by MiniMax in October 2025, with 230B total and 10B active parameters, aimed at coding and agentic workflows.

Unitree H2 is a bionic humanoid robot announced on 20 October 2025, with a face-like head, 31 degrees of freedom, a weight of about 70 kg and a list price of 199,000 yuan.

Kimi K2 Thinking is a reasoning model released by Moonshot AI in November 2025, built on the Kimi K2 mixture-of-experts architecture and trained for native INT4 inference and long chains of tool calls.

ERNIE 5.0 is Baidu's natively omni-modal foundation model, unveiled in November 2025 and described as having 2.4 trillion parameters. It is proprietary and was made available to enterprises and consumers in January 2026.

DeepSeekMath-V2, released on 27 November 2025, is a mathematical reasoning model trained to verify its own proofs. DeepSeek reported gold-level scores on IMO 2025 and CMO 2024 problems, and 118 of 120 on Putnam 2024.

GLM-4.7 is Zhipu's open-weights language model released in December 2025, aimed at multilingual agentic coding and terminal tasks. It reports clear gains over GLM-4.6 on software-engineering benchmarks and ships under the MIT license.

Kling O1 is a video model that Kuaishou announced on 1 December 2025. The company described it as the first unified multimodal video model: text, image, video and subject inputs go into one engine used both for generation and for editing.

DeepSeek-V3.2, released on 1 December 2025, succeeded the experimental V3.2-Exp and integrated thinking into tool use. Its companion V3.2-Speciale, which maximizes reasoning, reached gold-level results at several 2025 competitions.

Tencent's flagship model released in December 2025, offered in Think and Instruct versions, built on a 406-billion-parameter mixture-of-experts architecture with a 256K-token context window.

Cambricon's flagship MLU 690, in mass production since early 2026, is a dual-die accelerator with 196 GB of HBM3 memory and more than 700 TFLOPS of FP16 compute, aimed at very large-scale training workloads.

Kimi K2.5 is a natively multimodal open-weight model from Moonshot AI, released on 27 January 2026. It has 1 trillion total parameters, a 256K-token context and an Agent Swarm feature for parallel sub-agents.

Zhenwu 810E is an AI processor designed by Alibaba's chip team T-Head, listed in January 2026 with 96 GB of high-bandwidth memory, aimed at training, inference and autonomous driving, and already deployed in large clusters on Alibaba Cloud.

Step 3.5 Flash is an open-weights Mixture-of-Experts language model from StepFun, released in February 2026 with 196 billion total parameters, a 256K-token context and an Apache 2.0 license.

Kling 3.0 is Kuaishou's video and image model series, launched on 5 February 2026 as four models. It generates up to 15 seconds of video with simultaneous audio, adds multi-shot generation and supports native 4K output.

GLM-5 is Zhipu's open model released on 12 February 2026 under the MIT License, with 744 billion parameters and 40 billion active. It was built for agentic engineering.

MiniMax-M2.5 is an open-weight 229B-parameter language model released in February 2026 for agentic coding and office work, shipped alongside a faster Lightning variant and reported at the top of software-engineering benchmarks.

Seed2.0 is ByteDance's February 2026 Doubao model series, offered in three agent-oriented sizes with low token pricing and reported benchmark results.

Qwen3.5 is a natively multimodal model family from Alibaba released in February 2026. Its open flagship, Qwen3.5-397B-A17B, has 397B total parameters and 17B active per token, under Apache 2.0.

A generation of Alibaba's Qwen models released in April 2026, spanning proprietary Plus and Max versions aimed at agentic coding and open-weight models such as Qwen3.6-35B-A3B, a 35B-parameter mixture-of-experts with 3B active parameters.

GLM-5.1 is Zhipu AI's open-source large language model released in April 2026, built for coding and long-running agent tasks and notable for topping SWE-Bench Pro ahead of competing frontier models in Zhipu's own comparison.

The Qwen3.5-Omni Technical Report documents Alibaba's Qwen3.5-Omni, a hundreds-of-billions-parameter model that understands long audio and video and generates speech across 10 languages, reporting state-of-the-art results on 215 audio and audio-visual benchmarks.

MiniCPM5 is a series of small, dense, open-weight language models from the MiniCPM team, beginning with a 1B model released in May 2026 and followed by a 2B model in September 2026, all aimed at on-device and other resource-constrained deployment.

A mixture-of-experts language model released by MiniMax in June 2026, with about 428B total parameters, a 1M-token context window and a new sparse attention scheme built for long-context and agent-style work. [^1]

Zhipu's open-weight language model released in June 2026 under the MIT License, with a 1M-token context, a shared sparse-attention indexer, and higher reasoning and coding scores than GLM-5.1.

ByteDance Seed's Seed2.1, released in June 2026 in Pro and Turbo versions, is a Doubao-family model aimed at real productivity work, with reported gains in agent ability, coding, knowledge, reasoning and multimodal understanding.

Vidu S1 is Shengshu's real-time interactive video generation model, released in July 2026. It takes spoken commands as control input, runs on consumer GPUs at 540p and up to 42 frames per second, and keeps generating without drift.

Tencent Hy3 is an open-weight reasoning model released on 6 July 2026 under Apache 2.0, with 295 billion total parameters, 21 billion active and a 256K context.

Qwen3.8 is Alibaba's 2026 flagship line. Its open 2.4-trillion-parameter model, Qwen3.8-2.4T-A95B, released in August 2026, has 95B active parameters and a custom license.

GLM-5.3 is Zhipu's open-weight language model released on 14 August 2026. It keeps the GLM-5.2 base model and gains its improvements from post-training, with reported state-of-the-art open results on agentic coding and cybersecurity benchmarks.

Tencent Hy4 preview is an open-weight mixture-of-experts model released on 28 August 2026 with 770 billion total parameters, 49 billion active and a context of over one million tokens.

Step 5 Preview is a preview release of StepFun's flagship foundation model: a sparse mixture-of-experts system with 600 billion total parameters, a 1-million-token context window and published weights, released in September 2026.

DeepSeek-V4.1-Flash, released on 10 September 2026 under the API name deepseek-flash, is a 552-billion-parameter multimodal mixture-of-experts model with a causal encoder-decoder design and a 1M-token context.

Vidu S2 is a two-part video generation system: S2-Avatar renders interactive digital characters at 720p in real time, and S2-Editing transforms live video streams. Both also produce stereo views for immersive displays.

PixVerse R2 is a real-time world model announced on 22 September 2026, an upgrade to R1 that keeps a navigable world generating while the user moves inside it and holds state across a session.

Kimi K3.1 Pro is Moonshot AI's October 2026 open-weights model, the first in the K3.1 series, built for financial research, 3D modeling and coding. It keeps K3's mixture-of-experts scale but swaps in sparse attention layers.

Kling 4.0 is a text-to-video generation model released to all users in October 2026, adding longer shots, multi-image references and more convincing physical motion, alongside a faster Flash variant built for high-volume work.

iFlytek's Spark X2.6 is a device-cloud model family unveiled in October 2026, pairing a 293-billion-parameter mixture-of-experts cloud model with smaller on-device models and a router that decides where each task runs.

GO-3 Preview is an embodied AI model that AGIBOT announced in October 2026, built on a World Reasoning Action Model; the company says it topped three embodied AI benchmarks and will fully open-source it by the end of 2026.

Harry Shum is a computer scientist who spent most of his career at Microsoft, helping found Microsoft Research Asia in Beijing and later leading the company's AI and Research group. He is an IEEE Fellow and ACM Fellow recognised for computer vision and graphics.

The National Development and Reform Commission is a ministerial-level department of China's State Council that drafts and implements economic and social development plans, manages investment and coordinates macro-economic policy. It descends from the State Planning Commission established in 1952.

Baidu Research is the research arm of Baidu, built around the Institute of Deep Learning founded in 2013, with laboratories in Beijing and Silicon Valley; in 2014 Andrew Ng became chief scientist in charge of the whole organisation.

Joseph Tsai is co-founder and chairman of Alibaba Group. A lawyer by training, he has served on the company's board since its founding in 1999 and has previously held the roles of chief financial officer and head of strategic investments.

Pony Ma is a co-founder of Tencent and serves as its chairman of the board and chief executive officer. He studied computer science at Shenzhen University and has spent his career in telecommunications and the internet industry.

Kaiming He is a computer-vision and deep-learning researcher, first author of the 2015 ResNet paper that introduced residual connections, now a tenured associate professor at MIT.

Wang Jian is the founder of Alibaba Cloud and a member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He was previously a Zhejiang University psychology professor and Microsoft Research Asia executive, and directs Zhijiang Laboratory.

Chinese engineer and technology communicator who worked on AI chips and algorithms at Huawei and co-founded the robotics company AgiBot, where he is president and chief technology officer.

Galbot G1 is a wheeled humanoid robot: 1,730 mm tall, 21 degrees of freedom, swappable hand, suction cup or gripper, an onboard NVIDIA AGX Orin computer, and, the company says, deployments in unmanned retail cabins at over 170 sites.

Eddie Wu is a co-founder of Alibaba Group who has been its chief executive officer and a director since September 2023, after more than two decades in technical and business roles across Alipay, Alimama and Taobao.

Ant Group is the company whose InclusionAI team released the open-weight Ling (Bailing) family of mixture-of-experts language models in 2025, including Ling-Lite and Ling-Plus, trained without premium GPUs and published under the MIT licence.

Meituan's LongCat team released LongCat-Flash, a 560-billion-parameter mixture-of-experts language model that activates roughly 27 billion parameters per token on average and ships with open weights under the MIT licence.

XNGP is XPENG's advanced driver assistance system, developed full stack in-house; its next generation, VLA 2.0, generates driving actions directly from visual signals and is slated for mass production in 2026.

A public research university in Beijing's Haidian district, founded in 1911 as Tsinghua College. It is now a major centre for computer science and AI research, with which Turing laureate Andrew Yao, ResNet author Kaiming He and spin-out Zhipu AI are associated.

Zhang Bo (born 1935) is a scholar in automatic control and artificial intelligence. He studied and taught at Tsinghua University and helped found the State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Technology and Systems.

Tang Xiaoou (1968–2023) was a Chinese computer vision researcher at the Chinese University of Hong Kong and co-founder and chairman of SenseTime, one of China's best-known AI companies.

Liu Qingfeng is the president and chairman of iFlytek, the company he founded in 1999 while a Ph.D. student at USTC. He unveiled the Spark large model in May 2023.

Chinese computer scientist and entrepreneur who built Sogou Search and the Sogou input method, led Sogou as CEO through its New York listing, and later founded the AI company Baichuan.

Su Hua is a Chinese technology entrepreneur who co-founded Kuaishou in 2011 and later stepped down as CEO, remaining involved in board leadership during the transition.

Cheng Yixiao is a Chinese entrepreneur who co-founded Kuaishou, served as its chief product officer, and has been its chief executive officer since 2021 and chairman since 2023.

Microsoft Research Asia is Microsoft's research laboratory in the Asia-Pacific region, founded in Beijing in November 1998. It works on artificial intelligence, human-computer interaction and related fields, and its researchers have included the first author of the ResNet paper.

A Chinese consumer electronics and smart manufacturing company built around smartphones, smart hardware and its AIoT platform, listed in Hong Kong in 2018 and extending its engineering into quadruped and humanoid robots.

Megvii is a Chinese computer vision company founded in 2011 by three Tsinghua graduates. Its Face++ cloud platform opened face recognition to developers, and it was the earliest founded of the "CV four little dragons."

Huawei's artificial intelligence research centre, founded in 2012 and part of the company's 2012 Laboratories, with sites in China, Hong Kong, Europe and Canada and research spanning vision, language, search and recommendation, and decision-making.

Yitu Technology is a Chinese computer vision company founded in September 2012 by Zhu Long and Lin Chenxi. It is counted among the "CV four little dragons", alongside Megvii, SenseTime and CloudWalk, that grew out of computer vision in China's early AI industry.

XPENG is a Chinese maker of smart electric vehicles founded in 2014 and headquartered in Guangzhou, which has extended its in-house AI work to humanoid robots, new driving models and robotaxi plans.

XiaoIce was a Microsoft chatbot released in May 2014 that users added to WeChat group chats for reminders, lookups, weather and jokes. It drew large crowds, then was banned by WeChat three days later for breaking platform rules.

CloudWalk Technology is a Chinese AI company built on academic face recognition research. Founded in April 2015, it was the last of the four Chinese computer vision firms known as the "CV four little dragons" to be established.

Chinese medical-AI company founded in 2016 that focuses on AI for diagnosing and treating coronary heart disease, and says it holds China's first class III AI medical device certificate.

A handheld machine translation device from iFlytek, first released as Xiaoyi Translator in 2016, which the company's brand history describes as creating the AI translator product category.

T-Head Semiconductor is Alibaba's chip design unit, founded in 2018. It has released the Hanguang 800 AI inference chip, the Yitian 710 server CPU and the Zhenwu PPU AI processor, which Alibaba uses at scale for its Qwen models.

ERNIE 2.0 is Baidu's pre-trained language model framework, published in 2019, which builds pre-training tasks incrementally through continual multi-task learning and reported results above BERT and XLNet on English and Chinese benchmarks.

MetaX is a Shanghai-based GPU chip company founded in September 2020 that designs full-stack GPU chips and solutions; it is counted among China's four leading GPU startups and listed on the STAR Market in December 2025.

Langboat Technology is a Chinese AI company founded in June 2021 and incubated at Sinovation Ventures; it develops the in-house Mengzi model family and sells an enterprise agent platform and applications built on it.

Xiaomi CyberDog is a bionic quadruped robot that Xiaomi announced in August 2021. It was sold as an engineering exploration edition priced at 9,999 yuan and limited to 1,000 units, and was aimed at developers who wanted to program and extend it.

ERNIE 3.0 Titan is a Chinese pre-trained language model with over 260 billion parameters, described by its authors as the largest dense Chinese model of its time and reported to beat state-of-the-art systems on 68 NLP datasets.

A Chinese AI company founded in 2022 under Tsinghua associate professor Liu Zhiyuan, known for the MiniCPM on-device model series, multimodal and speech models, and the ForgeTrain training framework.

CyberOne, nicknamed Tieda, is a full-size humanoid bionic robot that Xiaomi presented in August 2022. It showed the company assembling perception, control and actuation into one machine, but it had not entered mass production.

Galbot is a robotics company founded in 2023 that builds general-purpose robots around an embodied foundation model, with its AstraBrain model family, a large-scale data infrastructure and deployed robots in several industries.

The Fourier GR-1 is Fourier's first full-size humanoid robot, released in 2023 and mass-produced the same year. It is aimed at guided reception and consulting work and at academic research.

The consumer chat product of Zhipu AI, launched as ChatGLM in 2023 and later renamed GLM. It is the web entry point where new Zhipu models such as GLM-5.1 reach ordinary users.

SenseChat is SenseTime's conversational AI product, launched on 10 April 2023 as part of the SenseNova model family with more than 100 billion parameters, first offered to government and corporate clients and later expanded through the V4 and SenseNova V6 releases.

Baichuan-7B is an open-source, 7-billion-parameter language model for Chinese and English released in June 2023, the first model from Baichuan, trained on about 1.2 trillion tokens and evaluated on Chinese and English benchmarks.

ERNIE 3.5 is a Baidu large language model announced in June 2023 as the upgrade behind the ERNIE Bot chatbot, adding a plugin architecture and, according to Baidu, outperforming ChatGPT on several benchmarked abilities.

Talkie is MiniMax's AI companion app for international markets, launched in June 2023; its Chinese counterpart, Xingye, followed in September 2023.

An open-source 13-billion-parameter language model from Baichuan, released in Base and Chat versions in July 2023, trained on 1.4 trillion tokens and benchmarked against Meta's LLaMA-13B.

Skylark, or Yunque (云雀), is ByteDance's first large language model. Released in August 2023, it powered the Doubao chatbot and was relaunched in May 2024 as the Doubao model family.

SparkDesk V2.0 is the second version of iFlytek's large language model, launched on 15 August 2023 with upgraded coding and multimodal abilities, and released alongside the iFlyCode 1.0 programming assistant.

Qwen-VL is a family of vision-language models released in August 2023 that builds on the Qwen language model to caption images, answer questions about them, locate objects and read text, with open Base and Chat versions.

iFlytek's Spark V3.0, released on 24 October 2023, is a large language model the company said beat GPT-3.5 in Chinese; it arrived with a domestic Huawei-built computing platform and twelve industry models.

DeepSeek's first model release: a family of open-source code models from 1.3B to 33B parameters, trained from scratch on 2 trillion tokens and reported to beat Codex and GPT-3.5 on several benchmarks.

DeepSeek LLM is DeepSeek's first general-purpose language model series, released on 29 November 2023 in 7B and 67B sizes, each with a base version and a chat version.

AutoGLM is a voice-driven smartphone agent from Zhipu (Z.ai), one of a family of agent and model releases that Zhipu has also published openly on Hugging Face.

Fourier's second-generation general-purpose humanoid robot, released and put into mass production in 2024. It follows the GR-1 and is used for guided reception, consulting and academic research.

DeepSeekMoE is a mixture-of-experts architecture from DeepSeek, released in January 2024, that splits experts finely and keeps a few shared experts always active so that each expert holds focused knowledge. Its 16B open-weights model matched larger dense models at a fraction of the computation.

Yi-VL-34B and Yi-VL-6B are open vision-language models from 01.AI, released on 23 January 2024. They read images and text together and ranked first among open models on the MMMU and CMMMU benchmarks.

Baichuan 3 is a closed language model with more than one hundred billion parameters, released by Baichuan on 29 January 2024. The company reported that it matched or beat GPT-4 on several Chinese benchmarks and on Chinese medical tasks.

Spark V3.5 is a large language model that iFlytek released on 30 January 2024. It was the first Spark model trained entirely on the domestic FlyingStar One computing platform, and iFlytek compared it with GPT-4 Turbo.

SenseTime Raccoon (商汤小浣熊) is a family of AI tools for office work, data analysis and coding. It was first presented in February 2024 and upgraded with SenseNova V6.5 in July 2025.

DeepSeekMath is a 7B-parameter open language model built for mathematical reasoning and released in 2024. It reached 51.7% on the competition-level MATH benchmark without external tools, and introduced GRPO, a reinforcement-learning algorithm that uses less memory than PPO.

Qwen1.5 is the Qwen family's open model release of February 2024, with base and chat models from 0.5B to 72B parameters, later extended to 110B, and a mixture-of-experts model.

SenseNova 4.0, announced on 8 February 2024, upgraded SenseTime's model family with 4K, 32K and 128K context versions, specialised models and a first multimodal tool-calling API.

Step-1V is a roughly 100-billion-parameter multimodal model from StepFun, unveiled in March 2024, that reads text, data and charts in images and supports video understanding; it ranked first on OpenCompass at launch and was succeeded by Step-1.5V.

Step-1 is StepFun's first language model, a system of roughly one hundred billion parameters unveiled in Shanghai on 23 March 2024 alongside the multimodal Step-1V and a preview of Step-2.

Mengzi3 is an open-source large language model series from Langboat, released in 8B and 13B sizes under Apache-2.0, built on the Llama architecture and trained further on trillions of multilingual tokens.

abab 6.5 is a mixture-of-experts language model family released by MiniMax in April 2024, reported to support a 200,000-token context and to answer all 891 queries in a long-context retrieval test.

Yi-1.5 is an open-source family of language models from 01.AI, released in 34B, 9B and 6B sizes in base and chat forms, built by continuing to pre-train the earlier Yi models on a large new corpus.

Hunyuan-DiT is Tencent's open text-to-image diffusion transformer, built for fine-grained English and Chinese prompt understanding. Its 2024 report and weights were released publicly, and human evaluations placed it ahead of several open models but behind leading closed ones.

Baichuan 4 is a closed large language model released by the Chinese company Baichuan on 22 May 2024, the company's first multimodal model and the engine behind its first AI assistant, Baixiaoying.

ERNIE 4.0 Turbo is a large language model Baidu released in June 2024 as a faster, cheaper upgrade to ERNIE 4.0, sitting between ERNIE 4.0 and ERNIE 4.5 in the company's model line.

An open-source mixture-of-experts code model from DeepSeek, released in June 2024, that widened language coverage and context length over its predecessor and reported benchmark results above several closed models.

SenseTime's July 2024 model family, unveiled at WAIC, adding a real-time multimodal model, lightweight and edge versions, and migration incentives aimed at OpenAI customers.

Kolors is Kuaishou's open-weight text-to-image model, released on 6 July 2024, built on latent diffusion and tuned for both Chinese and English prompts.

CogVideoX is an open-source family of text-to-video models from Zhipu AI and Tsinghua University, released starting in August 2024 and derived from the earlier open-source CogVideo.

Qwen2-VL is Alibaba's vision-language model released on 29 August 2024. It understands videos longer than 20 minutes, reads text in many languages, and can act as an agent on phones and robots.

Kling 1.5 is a September 2024 version of Kuaishou's video generation model, adding 1080p output, a Motion Brush, and quality improvements before being succeeded by Kling 1.6 in December 2024.

Yi-Coder is a family of open-source code models from 01.AI, released in September 2024 in 1.5B and 9B sizes, each with base and chat versions, covering 52 programming languages with context up to 128K tokens.

DeepSeek-V2.5 is a model released on 5 September 2024 that merged DeepSeek's chat and code models into one, keeping both conversational and coding ability while improving safety scores.

Hunyuan Turbo is Tencent's large language model, released on Tencent Cloud in September 2024 and tuned for lower training and serving costs. It was succeeded in February 2025 by Hunyuan Turbo S, which cut API prices further.

A large language model released by iFlytek in October 2024 and upgraded in January 2025, trained and served on the domestic Feixing No.1 computing platform; iFlytek reported it leading several Chinese and English benchmarks against GPT-4 Turbo and GPT-4o.

QwQ-32B-Preview is an experimental reasoning research model released by the Qwen team on 28 November 2024, with 32B parameters, a 32K-token context and open Apache 2.0 weights. It scored strongly on maths benchmarks but the team documented clear failure modes.

Kling 1.6 is a December 2024 upgrade to Kuaishou's Kling video generation model, with better handling of motion and camera instructions in prompts and improved visual quality; it was succeeded by Kling 2.0 in April 2025.

A family of open mixture-of-experts vision-language models from DeepSeek, released in three sizes from 1.0B to 4.5B activated parameters for document, chart and OCR understanding, succeeding DeepSeek-VL.

An open-weights 3-billion-parameter language model from Infinigence AI, released on Hugging Face in December 2024 under Apache-2.0, built on a Llama-2 architecture with a 32K-token context for local deployment.

Megrez-3B-Omni is an open-source model from December 2024 that understands images, text and audio on end-side devices, pairing a 2.29B-parameter language backbone with SigLip and Whisper encoders for about 4B parameters in total.

Qwen2.5-VL is Alibaba's vision-language model family released in January 2025 in 3B, 7B, 32B and 72B sizes. It reads charts and documents, localises objects, works as a visual agent and understands videos over an hour long.

Hunyuan3D 2.0 is Tencent's large-scale system for generating high-resolution textured 3D assets: a shape diffusion transformer plus a texture model, released with code and pretrained models on 21 January 2025 alongside its technical report.

UI-TARS is a GUI agent model from ByteDance Seed: it takes only screenshots as input and outputs keyboard and mouse actions, reported state-of-the-art results on more than 10 benchmarks, and was released with open weights under Apache-2.0.

Baichuan-M1 is Baichuan's medical model line, released on 24 January 2025 with Baichuan-M1-preview and the open Baichuan-M1-14B, which Baichuan described as trained from scratch for medicine.

Janus-Pro is DeepSeek's January 2025 multimodal model that handles both image understanding and text-to-image generation in one system, released in 1B and 7B sizes as a stronger successor to Janus.

Step-Audio is an open family of speech-interaction models released by StepFun on 17 February 2025. It includes Step-Audio-Chat, with 130 billion parameters, and Step-Audio-TTS-3B.

DeepSeek-V3-0324 is a March 2025 update to DeepSeek-V3 that keeps the same model structure while raising benchmark scores and moving to the MIT License.

Qwen2.5-Omni is Alibaba's end-to-end multimodal model that takes text, images, audio and video as input and answers with text and natural speech. The 7B version was released on 26 March 2025.

Kimi-VL is an open-source vision-language model from Moonshot AI, released in April 2025. It pairs a 16B-parameter mixture-of-experts language model with a native-resolution vision encoder, so only about 3B parameters are active at a time.

Seedream 3.0 is ByteDance Seed's Chinese–English image-generation foundation model of 2025, improving on Seedream 2.0 in prompt alignment, Chinese text rendering and native 2K output. Seedream 4.0 succeeded it in September 2025.

ByteDance Seed's GUI agent model from April 2025 and the successor to UI-TARS. Its 7B version is open-source under Apache-2.0, and the family reports state-of-the-art results on several screen-control benchmarks.

An open image-editing model from StepFun released in April 2025 under Apache 2.0, pairing a multimodal language model with a diffusion image decoder and shipping weights, inference code and the GEdit-Bench evaluation set.

ERNIE 4.5 Turbo is Baidu's multimodal large language model released on 25 April 2025, presented as a faster successor to ERNIE 4.5 with lower hallucination rates and sharply cut API prices.

ERNIE X1 Turbo is a Baidu reasoning model released on 25 April 2025, positioned as a cheaper and more capable successor to ERNIE X1, with stronger chain-of-thought, multimodal and tool-use abilities.

DeepSeek's open-source model for formal theorem proving in Lean 4, trained with a subgoal-decomposition pipeline; it reached an 88.9% pass ratio on MiniF2F-test and introduced the ProverBench benchmark.

Kling 2.1 is a Kuaishou video generation model released at the end of May 2025 in three tiers — 720p Standard, 1080p High Quality and 1080p Master — with claimed gains in motion, physical simulation and prompt responsiveness. It was superseded by Kling 2.5 Turbo.[^1][^2][^3]

Seed-Coder is a family of open code models released by ByteDance Seed in May 2025, with 8B-parameter Base, Instruct and Reasoning variants trained on data filtered by language models rather than hand-written rules.

MiniCPM4 is a language model built for end-side devices rather than servers, pairing a trainable sparse attention mechanism with a compact data recipe and an inference stack tuned for long-context speed.

Hunyuan-A13B is Tencent's open-weight mixture-of-experts language model, released on 27 June 2025 with 80 billion total parameters, 13 billion active per token and a 256K context.

SenseNova V6.5 is SenseTime's enhanced multimodal model, announced in July 2025, built around interleaved image-text reasoning and powering an agent upgrade of the Raccoon assistant.

Megrez2-3x7B-A3B is a mixture-of-experts language model from Infinigence AI built for on-device deployment, in which groups of adjacent layers share one pool of experts so that it stores 7.5 billion parameters but activates only 3 billion per token.

Step-Audio 2 is a speech model from StepFun that can understand audio and hold spoken conversations. Its mini versions were released under the Apache 2.0 license in 2025.

HunyuanWorld 1.0 is Tencent's open-source model for generating explorable, mesh-exportable 3D worlds from text or images. Released in July 2025, it was followed by a series of lighter and faster versions.

An open family of video generation models released in July 2025 under the Apache 2.0 licence, notable for bringing a two-expert mixture-of-experts design to video diffusion and for a 5B model that runs on a single consumer GPU.

Baichuan-M2 is an open-source medical-enhanced model with 32 billion parameters, built on Qwen2.5-32B and released under Apache 2.0 for research and reference.

A 20-billion-parameter open-weights image generation model released by Qwen in August 2025, notable for rendering text inside images, especially Chinese.

A vision-language model released by Zhipu on 11 August 2025, built on GLM-4.5-Air and covering image, video, long-document and GUI tasks; Zhipu reports state-of-the-art results at its scale on 42 benchmarks.

Qwen3-Omni is an open-weight multimodal model released by the Qwen team in September 2025 under Apache 2.0, able to take in text, audio and video and to answer in text or speech across many languages.

Kling 2.5 Turbo is a Kuaishou video generation model released at the end of September 2025, which Artificial Analysis ranked No. 1 worldwide for text-to-video and image-to-video ten days after launch, and which cut creators' per-video generation cost by nearly 30%.

Qwen3-Next is an open-weight model from Alibaba's Qwen team, released in September 2025 under Apache 2.0. It has 80B total parameters, only 3B active per token, and a hybrid attention design later used in Qwen3.5.

GLM-4.6 is an open-weights large language model released by Zhipu in late September 2025, with a 200K-token context window, about 357 billion parameters and an MIT licence, aimed at coding, reasoning and agent work.

UI-TARS-2 is a GUI agent trained with multi-turn reinforcement learning and released in September 2025 as an all-in-one upgrade to UI-TARS-1.5, with benchmark scores across web, desktop, Android, games and software-engineering tasks.

ERNIE X1.1 is Baidu's reasoning model unveiled in September 2025, an update to ERNIE X1 that the company reports as stronger in factuality, instruction following and agentic tasks, built on ERNIE 4.5 and released alongside PaddlePaddle v3.2.

A deep-thinking mixture-of-experts model from Baidu with 21 billion total and 3 billion active parameters, a 128K context window and an Apache 2.0 license, open-sourced in September 2025 alongside ERNIE X1.1.

Kimi OK Computer is the agent mode of Moonshot AI's Kimi assistant, released on 26 September 2025, which turns a prompt into multi-page websites, editable slide decks and other files. It followed Kimi-Researcher and marked Kimi's move into general-purpose agent products.

An experimental DeepSeek model released on 29 September 2025 that introduced DeepSeek Sparse Attention to make long-context training and inference cheaper, shipped with open weights and an immediate API price cut.

DeepSeek-OCR is an open-source model of about 3B parameters that renders long text as 2D images and reads it back from a small number of vision tokens, testing whether optical compression can stand in for very long text contexts.

Baidu's open-weight multimodal reasoning model from November 2025: 28B total parameters with 3B active per token, "Thinking with Images" zoom-and-tool reasoning, and Apache 2.0 weights.

iFlytek's Spark X1.5 is a deep reasoning model released in November 2025 that runs on a domestic computing platform built with Huawei, using a 293-billion-parameter mixture-of-experts design.

MiniMax-M2.1 is an open-weight language model released in December 2025 as the successor to M2, aimed at software engineering and multilingual coding, with a 229B-parameter checkpoint and large reported gains on coding benchmarks.

Kling 2.6 is a Kuaishou video generation model released in December 2025 that produces visuals, voiceover, sound effects and ambient audio in a single pass, with clips capped at 10 seconds.

Doubao Large Model 1.8 (Doubao-Seed-1.8) is ByteDance's Volcano Engine flagship released on 18 December 2025. It is built for multimodal agent tasks, with stronger tool calling and computer-operation abilities.

An audio-video generation model from Volcano Engine, announced on 18 December 2025, that produces picture, voices, music and ambient sound together and keeps them in millisecond-level sync.

Baichuan-M3 is a new-generation open-source medical-enhanced language model with 235 billion parameters, built on Qwen3-235B-A22B and released under Apache 2.0 in January 2026.

A large language model released by iFlytek on 11 February 2026, trained entirely on domestic computing power and aimed at practical use in education, healthcare, automotive and agents.

MiniMax-M2.7 is a 229B-parameter language model released by MiniMax in March 2026, built for agentic work and presented by the company as its first model to take part in its own improvement.

WorkBuddy is Tencent's desktop AI agent for workplace tasks. Launched in March 2026, it was later offered to global users with remote task access and standard tool connections.

Kimi K2.6 is an open-weight Moonshot AI model released in April 2026, focused on long-horizon coding, with a 262,144-token context, text and image input, and Agent Swarm scaled to 300 sub-agents.

SenseNova U1 is SenseTime's open-weight multimodal model family, first released in April 2026 under Apache 2.0, which understands and generates images without a separate visual encoder or VAE.

ERNIE 5.1 is Baidu's large language model released on 9 May 2026, derived from ERNIE 5.0's pre-training at about 6% of the usual pre-training cost, and it placed at the top of Chinese models on LMArena text and search.[^1][^3]

Step 3.7 Flash is a StepFun open-weights model released on 29 May 2026. It adds native image input to Step 3.5 Flash, supports a 256K context, and is licensed under Apache 2.0.

Seedance 2.5, released by ByteDance in July 2026, is an audio-video joint generation model that makes clips of up to 30 seconds per pass, accepts many multimodal references, and supports editing parts of a scene without regenerating the whole clip.

SenseNova U1.5 is SenseTime's open-weight, 8-billion-parameter model that handles image understanding, reasoning and native 4K generation in a single network, without separate vision encoders or VAEs. It is released under the Apache License 2.0.

iFlytek Spark X2.5 is a 293B-A30B mixture-of-experts language model released on 7 September 2026, trained and served entirely on domestic computing power, with a 256K context window and support for more than 200 languages.

MiniMax-M3.1-Flash is a sparse mixture-of-experts model from MiniMax with about 428B total parameters, 23B activated per token, text, image and video input and up to 1M tokens of context, released on Hugging Face in October 2026.

ERNIE 5.5 Flash Base is Baidu's openly published base checkpoint from November 2026: a text-only sparse mixture-of-experts model with 280B total and 14B activated parameters, released for fine-tuning rather than as a finished assistant.

SenseTime's multimodal agent model, announced in Hong Kong in November 2026, aimed at office work and design generation: long-term memory, task execution, and output ranging from PPTX decks to Blender 3D scenes.

Peking University is a Chinese university that dates its founding to 1898 and reported 53,946 full-time students in a January 2026 snapshot; in September 2020 Zhu Songchun was named to lead its Institute for Artificial Intelligence.

A large comprehensive research university in China, with 47 schools, 16 disciplines on the national Double First-Class list, more graduate than undergraduate students, and 36 members of the national academies on its staff.

Zhang Yaqin is an electrical engineer and technology executive who spent nearly 16 years at Microsoft, served as president of Baidu from 2014 to 2019, and joined Tsinghua University in 2019 as a chair professor of intelligent science.

Tsinghua University's Institute for AI Industry Research (AIR) is an applied AI research institute set up under Zhang Yaqin, targeting the fourth industrial revolution through autonomous driving, AI plus IoT and brain-inspired intelligence.

Jingren Zhou is a computer scientist at Alibaba, where he is chief technology officer of Alibaba Cloud Intelligence, leads the Tongyi AI lab and joined the Alibaba Partnership in 2025; he was named a 2024 ACM Fellow.

Yan Junjie is a co-founder and chief executive officer of the Chinese AI company MiniMax, which he led to a Hong Kong listing on 9 January 2026; he was previously an executive at SenseTime.

Alibaba Cloud's AI coding assistant, now presented as Qoder CN after being upgraded from Lingma: an IDE, JetBrains plugin, CLI, agent workbench, cloud agents, SDK and digital-worker product, sold in enterprise plans with a choice of Chinese models.

Zhu Songchun is a computer vision researcher who worked at the University of California, Los Angeles from 2002 and was named in 2020 to lead Peking University's Institute for Artificial Intelligence.

Tencent Cloud CodeBuddy is an AI programming assistant offered as a plugin, an IDE and a CLI, covering design-to-code, requirements documents, backend setup and one-click deployment.

The Xicloud C600 is a MetaX data-center GPU built on the company's own GPGPU architecture, offering very large ECC-protected memory, MetaXLink scaling up to 128-GPU supernodes, a 1,000 W OAM 2.0 module, and air or liquid cooling.

Galbot S1 is a heavy-load embodied robot for industrial, warehousing and logistics work, with two arms carrying up to 50 kg, a reach from the floor to 2.3 m shelves, and hot-swappable batteries for round-the-clock operation.

Wu Yonghui is an AI researcher who spent nearly two decades at Google, worked on Google Brain and became a vice president of research at Google DeepMind, before joining ByteDance's Seed large-model team in 2025.

Xu Li is a co-founder, chairman and chief executive officer of SenseTime, the Chinese artificial intelligence company he helped start in 2014. He studied computer science at Shanghai Jiao Tong University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong.

BIGAI is a non-profit AI research institute in Beijing, led by Zhu Songchun, that works with Peking and Tsinghua universities toward a unified theory of general intelligence and general intelligent agents.

Tang Jie is a Chinese computer scientist listed as a founder of Zhipu AI and its chief scientist, and a Tsinghua professor who created the AMiner academic database and co-authored the GLM pretraining work behind Zhipu's models.

Jiang Daxin is founder and CEO of the Chinese AI company StepFun and a former Microsoft global vice president. He argues that scaling laws set the ceiling on model intelligence and that unifying multimodal understanding and generation is the path to AGI.

Chinese AI researcher and entrepreneur who co-founded Moonshot AI in Beijing in 2023 and runs it as CEO; the company released the Kimi assistant and the open-weight Kimi K2 and K3 models.

Senior executive at Tencent: Senior Executive Vice President and head of the Cloud and Smart Industries Group since October 2018, previously president of the Social Network Group responsible for QQ, and chairman of Tencent Music Entertainment Group.

Cao Xudong, a former Microsoft researcher, founded Momenta, a physical AI company, in 2016 and leads it as chief executive; he took it public in Hong Kong in 2026 and now points it toward robots.

Yu Kai is chief executive and a co-founder of Horizon Robotics, the Chinese smart-driving supplier that listed in Hong Kong on 24 October 2024 under the code 9660.HK.

AI researcher and research administrator who worked at IBM's Watson Group and at JD.com, and has been director and chief scientist of the Shanghai AI Laboratory since April 2024.

UCLA is the University of California's Los Angeles campus. Its own figures show a large, heavily undergraduate institution: 46,678 students in total, most of them Californians, taught by 5,464 faculty.

Coze Studio is an open-source, Apache-2.0 visual tool from the coze-dev GitHub organisation for building AI agents, apps and workflows, written in Go and React, deployable with Docker Compose, and connectable through an OpenAPI and a Chat SDK.

Zhiyuan Liu is a tenured associate professor at Tsinghua University and co-founder and chief scientist of Beijing ModelBest, a company working to run capable large models on local devices.

Wang Haifeng is Baidu's chief technology officer, an ACL and IEEE Fellow, and the first-listed author of the ERNIE technical reports behind the company's foundation models.

Yin Qi is a Chinese AI entrepreneur who co-founded the facial-recognition company Megvii with Tang Wenbin and Yang Mu after graduating from Tsinghua, and later became chairman of Qianli Technology, turning to smart automotive technology.

Xiaodong He is a JD.com vice president, deputy managing director of JD AI Research, and an IEEE Fellow. He works on conversational AI, including question answering, emotion detection, and public-service hotlines.

Sun Jian was a computer-vision scientist who spent 13 years at Microsoft, co-created ResNet, and later became chief scientist at Megvii. He died aged 45 after a sudden illness in June 2022.

A Chinese artificial intelligence infrastructure company that builds the middle layer letting many models run on many kinds of chips, and also releases the open Megrez model family.

Zhang Peng is chief executive officer of Zhipu AI (Z.ai). He led the company through its Hong Kong listing on 8 January 2026, described as the first by a major Chinese LLM company, and through the GLM-4.5 to GLM-5.3 model releases.

Yuewen is StepFun's AI assistant app, fully opened in March 2024, which reads text, data and charts in images and handles content creation, reasoning and analysis. In December 2024 its team absorbed the Maopaoya team, and the product was later renamed Step AI.

Wanzhi is a free bilingual AI productivity workspace released by 01.AI in May 2024 for the web and as a WeChat mini program; the name later extended to an enterprise large-model platform.

Baixiaoying is Baichuan's first AI assistant app, launched on 22 May 2024 and powered by its Baichuan 4 model. It is built around search, including multi-round search, and document reading, and Baichuan has framed it as a step towards an AI "super app".