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Models
Foundation, generative, multimodal and specialised models.
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2022
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Apr 4, 2022
PaLM
PaLM is a 540-billion-parameter dense Transformer language model announced by Google Research in April 2022, trained with the Pathways system across 6,144 TPU v4 chips; it set strong few-shot results on many benchmarks.
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Mar 15, 2022
GPT-3.5 (text-davinci-002/003)
GPT-3.5 is the family of OpenAI language models between GPT-3 and GPT-4, released through API models such as text-davinci-002 and text-davinci-003 and underlying the first version of ChatGPT.
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Feb 2, 2022
AlphaCode
AlphaCode is a DeepMind code-generation system for competitive programming, announced in February 2022. On Codeforces contests held after its training data, it reached an estimated rank around the median participant. A Gemini-based AlphaCode 2 followed in December 2023.
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Feb 2022
Midjourney V1
Midjourney V1 was Midjourney's first image-generation model, released in February 2022 and used through a bot on the company's Discord server. It produced abstract, painterly images and was replaced by V2 and V3 within months.
2021
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Dec 8, 2021
Gopher
Gopher is DeepMind's 280-billion-parameter language model, announced in December 2021 alongside a study of what scale does to language models and a companion taxonomy of their risks.
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Oct 11, 2021
Megatron-Turing NLG 530B
Megatron-Turing NLG 530B is a 530-billion-parameter language model announced by NVIDIA and Microsoft on 11 October 2021, then the largest monolithic transformer language model, trained on NVIDIA's Selene supercomputer with Megatron-LM and DeepSpeed combined.
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Jul 7, 2021
OpenAI Codex (2021 model)
OpenAI Codex is a 2021 GPT language model fine-tuned on public code from GitHub. It translates natural language into code, and was introduced alongside the HumanEval benchmark for testing code correctness.
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Jul 5, 2021
ERNIE 3.0
ERNIE 3.0 is a 10-billion-parameter pre-trained language model from 2021 that trains on plain text plus a large-scale knowledge graph and fuses auto-encoding and auto-regressive networks, so one model handles both language understanding and generation.
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May 18, 2021
LaMDA
LaMDA is a family of conversational language models that Google announced in 2021 and described in a 2022 paper, notable for its work on safety and factual grounding in dialogue and for later powering Bard.
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Jan 5, 2021
CLIP
An image-text model from OpenAI that learns to match pictures with their captions. Trained on about 400 million image-caption pairs, it can classify images by comparing them against written prompts, with no task-specific training.
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Jan 5, 2021
DALL·E
DALL·E is OpenAI's text-to-image model unveiled on 5 January 2021: a 12-billion-parameter transformer trained on 250 million text-image pairs that generates a picture token by token from a caption.
2020
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May 28, 2020
GPT-3
GPT-3 is an autoregressive language model with 175 billion parameters, described in a May 2020 paper. It could perform new tasks from a few examples in the prompt, without any gradient updates, and it was first offered through OpenAI's API.
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Jan 28, 2020
Meena
Meena is a 2.6-billion-parameter open-domain chatbot from Google, trained end-to-end on filtered social media conversations. Its 2020 paper introduced the SSA human-evaluation metric and linked next-token perplexity to human-judged chat quality. The work was later renamed LaMDA.
2019
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Oct 23, 2019
T5 (Text-to-Text Transfer Transformer)
T5 is a family of Google Transformer models that recasts every language task as text in, text out. Its 11-billion-parameter version set state of the art on several benchmarks, and the code, models and C4 dataset were released openly.
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Jul 29, 2019
ERNIE 2.0
ERNIE 2.0 is Baidu's pre-trained language model framework, published in 2019, which builds pre-training tasks incrementally through continual multi-task learning and reported results above BERT and XLNet on English and Chinese benchmarks.
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Mar 2019
ERNIE 1.0
Baidu's first ERNIE pre-trained language model, released in March 2019, added entity- and phrase-level masking to BERT-style pre-training and reported state-of-the-art results on five Chinese NLP tasks.
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Feb 14, 2019
GPT-2
GPT-2 is a large language model that OpenAI announced in February 2019. Its largest version has 1.5 billion parameters. OpenAI first withheld the full model, then released it in stages through November 2019.
2018
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Oct 11, 2018
BERT
BERT is a language model from Google that reads text in both directions and is pre-trained by filling in masked words. Fine-tuned per task, it set new records on question answering and language-understanding benchmarks and later went into Google Search.
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Jun 11, 2018
GPT-1
GPT-1 was OpenAI's first generative pre-trained transformer, published in June 2018. It showed that one language model, pre-trained on unlabelled text and then fine-tuned, could improve results on many language tasks.
2011
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Feb 2011
IBM Watson
IBM Watson is a question-answering computer system built by an IBM research team led by David Ferrucci; in February 2011 it defeated the two foremost all-time champions of the televised quiz show Jeopardy!