Home›Papers
Papers
Papers
Papers that changed AI, with a plain-language explainer for each.
Total 52 · Clear filters
- 2016
Identity Mappings in Deep Residual Networks
arXiv
A 2016 analysis of residual networks arguing that with identity skip connections and the activation placed after addition, signals travel directly between blocks; a new residual unit built on this eases training, and a 1001-layer network reaches 4.62% error on CIFAR-10.
- 2015
Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shift
arXiv
A 2015 paper by Sergey Ioffe and Christian Szegedy that proposed normalising each layer's inputs per training mini-batch, which allowed higher learning rates, looser initialisation and much faster training of deep networks.
- 2015
Deep learning
Nature
A 2015 Nature review by Yann LeCun, Yoshua Bengio and Geoffrey Hinton explaining deep learning: models of multiple processing layers that learn layered representations of data, and the results this produced in speech, vision and other fields.
- 2014
Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization
arXiv (ICLR 2015)
Adam is a stochastic optimisation algorithm from a 2014 paper by Diederik P. Kingma and Jimmy Ba that sets per-parameter step sizes from running estimates of the gradient's first and second moments, needing little memory and little hyper-parameter tuning.
- 2014
Deep Speech: Scaling up end-to-end speech recognition
arXiv
A 2014 paper presenting an end-to-end deep-learning speech recognition system that removes hand-engineered noise modules and the phoneme dictionary, relying instead on recurrent networks trained across multiple GPUs and synthesized data.
- 2014
Dropout: A Simple Way to Prevent Neural Networks from Overfitting
JMLR
A 2014 paper by Srivastava, Hinton, Krizhevsky, Sutskever and Salakhutdinov introducing dropout, a training trick that randomly removes units so large neural networks overfit less.
- 2013
Distributed Representations of Words and Phrases and their Compositionality
arXiv
A 2013 paper by Mikolov, Sutskever, Chen, Corrado and Dean presents continuous Skip-gram as an efficient method for learning distributed word and phrase representations, with extensions that improve vector quality and training speed.
- 2013
Speech Recognition with Deep Recurrent Neural Networks
arXiv
A 2013 paper by Graves, Mohamed and Hinton that examines deep recurrent neural networks for speech recognition, arguing for end-to-end sequence training with methods such as connectionist temporal classification.
- 2013
Maxout Networks
arXiv
A 2013 paper by Goodfellow, Warde-Farley, Mirza, Courville and Bengio introduces maxout units, whose output is the maximum of a set of inputs, designed to work with dropout, and reports state-of-the-art results on four benchmarks.
- 2012
Large Scale Distributed Deep Networks
NeurIPS
A 2012 NIPS paper by Jeffrey Dean, Andrew Ng and colleagues that introduced DistBelief, a framework for training deep networks across clusters of thousands of machines, together with the Downpour SGD and Sandblaster optimisation procedures.
- 2012
Deep Neural Networks for Acoustic Modeling in Speech Recognition: The Shared Views of Four Research Groups
IEEE Signal Processing Magazine
A 2012 article in IEEE Signal Processing Magazine in which four research groups argued that deep neural networks, replacing Gaussian mixture models, gave better acoustic models for speech recognition.
- 2011
Deep Sparse Rectifier Neural Networks
A 2011 paper by Glorot, Bordes and Bengio reporting that deep networks built from rectifying neurons match or beat tanh networks and reach their best performance without unsupervised pre-training on large labelled supervised tasks.
- 2011
Natural Language Processing (Almost) from Scratch
A 2011 Journal of Machine Learning Research paper by Collobert, Weston, Bottou, Karlen, Kavukcuoglu and Kuksa, presenting one neural network architecture and learning algorithm for part-of-speech tagging, chunking, named entity recognition and semantic role labeling, trained on mostly unlabeled data with little task-specific engineering.
- 2011
Real-Time Human Pose Recognition in Parts from a Single Depth Image
A CVPR 2011 Best Paper that recovers 3D body joint positions from a single depth image without temporal information, by classifying pixels into body parts, and runs at 200 frames per second on consumer hardware.
- 2010
Phone recognition with the mean-covariance restricted Boltzmann Machine
NIPS
A 2010 NIPS paper by Dahl, Ranzato, Mohamed and Hinton applies Deep Belief Nets and a mean-covariance RBM to acoustic modeling, reaching 20.5% phone error on speaker-independent TIMIT phone recognition.
- 2010
Understanding the difficulty of training deep feedforward neural networks
AISTATS / PMLR
A 2010 paper by Xavier Glorot and Yoshua Bengio on why deep feedforward networks are hard to train: sigmoid saturation under random initialization and layer Jacobians whose singular values sit far from 1, plus a new initialization scheme that converges substantially faster.
- 2003
Latent Dirichlet Allocation
JMLR
A generative probabilistic model that represents each document as a finite mixture over topics, fitted with variational approximate inference and EM, and evaluated on document modelling, text classification and collaborative filtering.
- 1999
The PageRank Citation Ranking: Bringing Order to the Web
Brin and Page's PageRank technical report treats hyperlinks as citations to rank web pages and was used to build Google's search engine; it is one of the heavily cited papers on their early work.
- 1998
The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine
A 1998 conference paper by Sergey Brin and Lawrence Page describing PageRank, an algorithm that ranks web pages by the number and quality of links pointing to them, and the search engine built on that algorithm.
- 1992
A Training Algorithm for Optimal Margin Classifiers
Published in 1992, this paper by Boser, Guyon and Vapnik presents a training algorithm that maximizes the margin between training patterns and the decision boundary, with experiments on optical character recognition.[^1]