Home›Papers
Papers
Papers
Papers that changed AI, with a plain-language explainer for each.
Total 65 · Clear filters
- 1982
Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities
PNAS
A 1982 paper by John J. Hopfield arguing that useful computation can emerge as a collective property of many simple, equivalent units, and describing a model whose collective behaviour gives content-addressable memory, generalisation and error correction.
- 1961
Steps Toward Artificial Intelligence
Proceedings of the IRE 49(1)
Marvin Minsky's 1961 survey in Proceedings of the IRE organized heuristic programming into five problem areas — search, pattern recognition, learning, planning and induction — and argued that machines would need to build models of their environments.
- 1959
Programs with Common Sense
PSMTPNPL
John McCarthy's 1959 paper proposing the advice taker, a program that would solve problems by manipulating sentences in formal languages and act when it deduced an imperative — an early statement of logical AI.
- 1950
Computing Machinery and Intelligence
Mind
In 1950 Alan Turing replaced the question "Can machines think?" with the imitation game, now called the Turing test, and answered the main objections to machine intelligence one by one.
- 1936
On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem
Proc. London Math. Soc.
Alan Turing's 1936 paper defined computable numbers through an abstract machine, now called the Turing machine, and showed that no general method can decide whether any given mathematical statement is provable.