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Papers that changed AI, with a plain-language explainer for each.
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- 2026
Kimi K3: Open Frontier Intelligence
arXiv
Kimi K3 is Moonshot AI's 2.8-trillion-parameter open mixture-of-experts model with native vision and a one-million-token context, released with full weights. Its report describes the architecture, training and serving work behind it, and reports frontier-level results that still trail the strongest proprietary models.
- 2026
DeepSeek-V4: Towards Highly Efficient Million-Token Context Intelligence
arXiv
A preview report on the DeepSeek-V4 series, describing a 1.6-trillion-parameter Pro model and a 284-billion-parameter Flash model, both with one-million-token context, plus the attention, connection and optimization changes that make that length affordable.
- 2026
Qwen3.5-Omni Technical Report
arXiv
The Qwen3.5-Omni Technical Report documents Alibaba's Qwen3.5-Omni, a hundreds-of-billions-parameter model that understands long audio and video and generates speech across 10 languages, reporting state-of-the-art results on 215 audio and audio-visual benchmarks.
- 2026
GLM-5: from Vibe Coding to Agentic Engineering
arXiv
Zhipu's GLM-5 report describes a 744-billion-parameter mixture-of-experts model built on sparse attention and asynchronous reinforcement learning, aimed at moving AI-assisted programming from vibe coding toward agentic engineering.
- 2025
Kimi K2: Open Agentic Intelligence
arXiv
Kimi K2 is Moonshot AI's trillion-parameter mixture-of-experts model, pre-trained with the MuonClip optimizer and post-trained on large-scale agentic data plus reinforcement learning; the report reports state-of-the-art results among open-source non-thinking models and releases base and post-trained checkpoints.
- 2025
ARC-AGI-2: A New Challenge for Frontier AI Reasoning Systems
arXiv
A 2025 paper introducing ARC-AGI-2, a benchmark of input-output puzzle tasks built to measure abstract reasoning in frontier AI systems, with human testing as a baseline and a task set designed to give a more granular signal of progress.
- 2025
Qwen3 Technical Report
arXiv
The Qwen3 Technical Report presents Alibaba's Qwen3 family of dense and mixture-of-experts language models, which unify thinking and non-thinking modes, add a controllable thinking budget, and are released under the Apache 2.0 licence.
- 2025
DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning
arXiv
The DeepSeek-R1 report described how a reasoning model was trained largely with reinforcement learning, rewarding correct answers, and reached performance comparable to OpenAI's o1 on math, code and reasoning benchmarks. Its weights were released openly.
- 2024
DeepSeek-V3 Technical Report
arXiv
A technical report from DeepSeek-AI on DeepSeek-V3, a mixture-of-experts language model with 671 billion total parameters, describing its architecture, training pipeline, and evaluations, including a full training run of 2.788 million H800 GPU hours.
- 2024
Transformers are SSMs: Generalized Models and Efficient Algorithms Through Structured State Space Duality
ICML
Tri Dao and Albert Gu's paper introduces state space duality, a framework showing that structured state space models and attention variants are closely related, and uses it to derive Mamba-2, whose core layer runs 2 to 8 times faster than Mamba's.
- 2022
Learning skillful medium-range global weather forecasting
Science
GraphCast is a graph neural network trained on four decades of reanalysis data that produces 10-day global weather forecasts at 0.25 degree resolution in under a minute, outperforming the leading operational deterministic systems on most verification targets.
- 2022
Scalable Diffusion Models with Transformers (DiT)
arXiv
A 2022 paper by William Peebles and Saining Xie that replaces the U-Net backbone of diffusion models with a transformer operating on latent patches, showing that image quality improves predictably as compute grows and reaching a state-of-the-art FID of 2.27 on ImageNet 256×256.
- 2022
Magnetic control of tokamak plasmas through deep reinforcement learning
Nature
A 2022 Nature paper by Degrave, Felici and colleagues showing that a deep reinforcement learning controller can learn on its own to command all of a tokamak's magnetic control coils, producing and holding a range of plasma shapes.
- 2020
An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale (ViT)
arXiv
A 2020 paper showing that a plain Transformer applied directly to sequences of image patches, with no convolution at all, can match state-of-the-art convolutional networks on image classification.
- 2020
An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale
arXiv 2010.11929 (ICLR 2021)
A 2020 paper by Alexey Dosovitskiy and colleagues showing that a pure Transformer applied directly to sequences of image patches — the Vision Transformer, or ViT — matches state-of-the-art convolutional networks on image classification when pre-trained on large amounts of data.
- 2020
NeRF: Representing Scenes as Neural Radiance Fields for View Synthesis
arXiv
A 2020 paper by Mildenhall, Srinivasan, Tancik, Barron, Ramamoorthi and Ng that represents a scene as a neural radiance field: a network mapping 5D coordinates to density and colour, optimized from a sparse set of images with known camera poses.
- 2019
Mastering Atari, Go, chess and shogi by planning with a learned model
Nature
MuZero is a DeepMind reinforcement-learning algorithm that learns a model of its environment and plans inside that model, mastering Atari, Go, chess and shogi without being given the rules of those games.
- 2019
On the Measure of Intelligence (ARC-AGI)
arXiv
A 2019 paper by Francois Chollet that defines intelligence as skill-acquisition efficiency and introduces the Abstraction and Reasoning Corpus (ARC), a benchmark of grid tasks that assumes no specialised knowledge or language.
- 2019
Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer (T5)
JMLR
A 2019 Google paper that frames every language task as text in, text out, using one encoder-decoder Transformer and one training setup. It also introduced the C4 dataset, and the released T5 models became common research starting points.
- 2018
BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding
NAACL
Google's 2018 BERT paper introduced an encoder-only Transformer that reads text in both directions and is pre-trained by hiding words. It set new results on eleven language tasks and made download-and-fine-tune the default workflow.