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Papers that changed AI, with a plain-language explainer for each.
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- 2026
Kimi K3: Open Frontier Intelligence
arXiv
Kimi K3 is Moonshot AI's 2.8-trillion-parameter open mixture-of-experts model with native vision and a one-million-token context, released with full weights. Its report describes the architecture, training and serving work behind it, and reports frontier-level results that still trail the strongest proprietary models.
- 2026
Qwen3.5-Omni Technical Report
arXiv
The Qwen3.5-Omni Technical Report documents Alibaba's Qwen3.5-Omni, a hundreds-of-billions-parameter model that understands long audio and video and generates speech across 10 languages, reporting state-of-the-art results on 215 audio and audio-visual benchmarks.
- 2026
GLM-5: from Vibe Coding to Agentic Engineering
arXiv
Zhipu's GLM-5 report describes a 744-billion-parameter mixture-of-experts model built on sparse attention and asynchronous reinforcement learning, aimed at moving AI-assisted programming from vibe coding toward agentic engineering.
- 2026
Terminal-Bench: Benchmarking Agents on Hard, Realistic Tasks in Command Line Interfaces
arXiv
Terminal-Bench 2.0 is a curated benchmark of 89 hard tasks carried out in computer terminal environments, built to measure how well AI agents handle realistic command-line work; frontier models and agents score below 65% on it.
- 2025
Gemini 2.5: Pushing the Frontier with Advanced Reasoning, Multimodality, Long Context, and Next Generation Agentic Capabilities
arXiv
The Gemini 2.5 technical report, submitted to arXiv on 7 July 2025, documents Google's Gemini 2.5 Pro and 2.5 Flash models: their reasoning, long-context video handling, and cost-versus-capability positioning.
- 2025
The Common Pile v0.1: An 8TB Dataset of Public Domain and Openly Licensed Text
arXiv
An eight-terabyte collection of public domain and openly licensed text for pretraining language models, released together with two 7B-parameter models trained on it to show the data is enough.
- 2025
Humanity's Last Exam (HLE)
arXiv
Humanity's Last Exam (HLE) is a 2,500-question, multi-modal benchmark spanning dozens of academic subjects, built by experts worldwide so that frontier language models can still be measured after saturating older tests.
- 2024
SAM 2: Segment Anything in Images and Videos
arXiv
SAM 2 is a Meta FAIR foundation model that segments objects in images and videos from simple prompts such as points, boxes or masks, released together with a large video segmentation dataset and training code.
- 2024
FlashAttention-3: Fast and Accurate Attention with Asynchrony and Low-precision
arXiv
FlashAttention-3 is an attention algorithm for NVIDIA Hopper (H100) GPUs that reaches up to 75% utilization in FP16 and close to 1.2 PFLOPs/s in FP8, using asynchronous execution and low-precision techniques.
- 2024
The FineWeb Datasets: Decanting the Web for the Finest Text Data at Scale
arXiv
FineWeb is a 15-trillion-token pretraining dataset built from 96 Common Crawl snapshots and released in 2024 with its curation code and ablation models; its educational subset, FineWeb-Edu, improves results on knowledge- and reasoning-heavy benchmarks.
- 2024
Transformers are SSMs: Generalized Models and Efficient Algorithms Through Structured State Space Duality
ICML
Tri Dao and Albert Gu's paper introduces state space duality, a framework showing that structured state space models and attention variants are closely related, and uses it to derive Mamba-2, whose core layer runs 2 to 8 times faster than Mamba's.
- 2024
OSWorld: Benchmarking Multimodal Agents for Open-Ended Tasks in Real Computer Environments
arXiv
OSWorld is a benchmark and environment for testing multimodal agents on 369 real computer tasks in Ubuntu, Windows and macOS; humans complete over 72.36% of the tasks, while the best model reaches only 12.24%.
- 2024
LiveCodeBench: Holistic and Contamination Free Evaluation of Large Language Models for Code
arXiv
A benchmark for code LLMs that keeps collecting fresh contest problems from LeetCode, AtCoder and CodeForces, so that scores reflect ability rather than memorised test data, and that also tests code repair and execution reasoning.
- 2024
Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of context
arXiv
A report from Google's Gemini Team introducing the Gemini 1.5 family, multimodal models built around very long context, with Gemini 1.5 Pro recalling information across up to 10 million tokens.[^1]
- 2024
Dolma: an Open Corpus of Three Trillion Tokens for Language Model Pretraining Research
arXiv
Dolma is an openly released English corpus of three trillion tokens, built from web text, papers, code, books, social media and Wikipedia, with a paper documenting both the dataset and the pipeline used to curate it.
- 2023
Scaling deep learning for materials discovery
Nature
A 2023 Nature paper from researchers at Google DeepMind presenting a scaled-up deep-learning approach to predicting stable crystal structures, screening 2.2 million candidates and reporting a large jump in stability-prediction accuracy.
- 2023
GAIA: a benchmark for General AI Assistants
arXiv
GAIA is a benchmark of real-world questions that are easy for humans but hard for AI assistants, testing reasoning, multimodality, web browsing, and tool use. It compares AI progress against average human performance.
- 2023
SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues?
arXiv
A benchmark of 2,294 real software engineering problems taken from GitHub issues and the pull requests that resolved them, in which a model must edit a codebase to fix an issue; on release the best model solved under 2% of them.
- 2023
WebArena: A Realistic Web Environment for Building Autonomous Agents
arXiv
WebArena is a reproducible environment of four fully functional websites — e-commerce, a social forum, collaborative software development and content management — built for testing language-guided web agents. Its best GPT-4 agent completed 14.41% of tasks; humans completed 78.24%.[^1]
- 2023
FlashAttention-2: Faster Attention with Better Parallelism and Work Partitioning
arXiv
FlashAttention-2 is a 2023 revision of the FlashAttention attention kernel that reorganizes work across GPU thread blocks and warps, roughly doubling speed and reaching up to 73% of the A100's theoretical peak throughput.