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Papers that changed AI, with a plain-language explainer for each.
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- 2026
GLM-5: from Vibe Coding to Agentic Engineering
arXiv
Zhipu's GLM-5 report describes a 744-billion-parameter mixture-of-experts model built on sparse attention and asynchronous reinforcement learning, aimed at moving AI-assisted programming from vibe coding toward agentic engineering.
- 2026
Terminal-Bench: Benchmarking Agents on Hard, Realistic Tasks in Command Line Interfaces
arXiv
Terminal-Bench 2.0 is a curated benchmark of 89 hard tasks carried out in computer terminal environments, built to measure how well AI agents handle realistic command-line work; frontier models and agents score below 65% on it.
- 2024
SAM 2: Segment Anything in Images and Videos
arXiv
SAM 2 is a Meta FAIR foundation model that segments objects in images and videos from simple prompts such as points, boxes or masks, released together with a large video segmentation dataset and training code.
- 2024
LiveCodeBench: Holistic and Contamination Free Evaluation of Large Language Models for Code
arXiv
A benchmark for code LLMs that keeps collecting fresh contest problems from LeetCode, AtCoder and CodeForces, so that scores reflect ability rather than memorised test data, and that also tests code repair and execution reasoning.
- 2023
SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues?
arXiv
A benchmark of 2,294 real software engineering problems taken from GitHub issues and the pull requests that resolved them, in which a model must edit a codebase to fix an issue; on release the best model solved under 2% of them.
- 2023
Segment Anything
arXiv 2304.02643
A 2023 paper that introduces the Segment Anything project: a promptable segmentation task, a model, and a dataset of over 1 billion masks on 11 million images, all released to advance foundation models for computer vision.
- 2022
Scalable Diffusion Models with Transformers (DiT)
arXiv
A 2022 paper by William Peebles and Saining Xie that replaces the U-Net backbone of diffusion models with a transformer operating on latent patches, showing that image quality improves predictably as compute grows and reaching a state-of-the-art FID of 2.27 on ImageNet 256×256.
- 2022
Photorealistic Text-to-Image Diffusion Models with Deep Language Understanding (Imagen)
arXiv
Imagen is a text-to-image diffusion model that uses a large pretrained language model to encode prompts; it reached a zero-shot FID of 7.27 on COCO and introduced the DrawBench benchmark.
- 2021
High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Models
arXiv 2112.10752 (CVPR 2022)
A 2021 paper by Rombach, Blattmann, Lorenz, Esser and Ommer that runs diffusion models inside the latent space of pretrained autoencoders, cutting the compute needed for high-resolution image synthesis while adding cross-attention for text and bounding-box control.
- 2021
Program Synthesis with Large Language Models (MBPP)
arXiv
A 2021 arXiv paper by Austin, Odena, Nye and eight other authors that introduced MBPP, a benchmark of 974 short Python programming tasks, and measured how language models from 244M to 137B parameters turn natural-language descriptions into working code.
- 2021
Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Code (Codex / HumanEval)
arXiv
A 2021 paper from OpenAI introduces Codex, a GPT model fine-tuned on public GitHub code, and HumanEval, an evaluation set that judges generated Python programs by whether they work rather than by how closely they match a reference.
- 2021
Zero-Shot Text-to-Image Generation (DALL·E)
arXiv
A 2021 OpenAI paper describing a single 12-billion-parameter autoregressive transformer trained on 250 million image-text pairs, which generates images from text and, evaluated zero-shot, is competitive with domain-specific models.
- 2021
Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision (CLIP)
ICML
CLIP is an OpenAI model trained on 400 million image-text pairs to map pictures and sentences into one shared space, so it can classify images zero-shot from a written description.
- 2020
An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale (ViT)
arXiv
A 2020 paper showing that a plain Transformer applied directly to sequences of image patches, with no convolution at all, can match state-of-the-art convolutional networks on image classification.
- 2020
An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale
arXiv 2010.11929 (ICLR 2021)
A 2020 paper by Alexey Dosovitskiy and colleagues showing that a pure Transformer applied directly to sequences of image patches — the Vision Transformer, or ViT — matches state-of-the-art convolutional networks on image classification when pre-trained on large amounts of data.
- 2020
Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models
NeurIPS
A 2020 paper by Jonathan Ho, Ajay Jain and Pieter Abbeel that trained a U-Net to reverse a gradual noising process, making diffusion models a practical rival to GANs and paving the way for DALL-E 2, Imagen and Stable Diffusion.
- 2020
NeRF: Representing Scenes as Neural Radiance Fields for View Synthesis
arXiv
A 2020 paper by Mildenhall, Srinivasan, Tancik, Barron, Ramamoorthi and Ng that represents a scene as a neural radiance field: a network mapping 5D coordinates to density and colour, optimized from a sparse set of images with known camera poses.
- 2018
A Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networks
arXiv
This 2018 paper introduces a style-based GAN generator that separates high-level attributes from stochastic variation and allows scale-specific control, improving distribution quality, interpolation, and disentanglement.
- 2018
Large Scale GAN Training for High Fidelity Natural Image Synthesis
arXiv
A 2018 paper by Andrew Brock, Jeff Donahue and Karen Simonyan that trained generative adversarial networks at the largest scale attempted at the time, introduced BigGANs and set a new state of the art in class-conditional image synthesis.
- 2018
Glow: Generative Flow with Invertible 1x1 Convolutions
arXiv
A 2018 paper by Diederik P. Kingma and Prafulla Dhariwal presenting Glow, a flow-based generative model built on invertible 1x1 convolutions, which improved log-likelihood on standard benchmarks and could synthesise and manipulate large images.