Products

A crowdsourced benchmark in which anonymous pairs of language models battle and users vote, producing an Elo leaderboard; launched in 2023 and relaunched as LMArena in 2025.

Large language modelsResearch historyData & datasets

A public Hugging Face leaderboard that ran a fixed set of benchmarks on open language models in one identical setup, from 2023 to 2025, so their scores could be reproduced and compared.

Large language modelsResearch historyOpen source

An open-source AI model community launched by Alibaba's DAMO Academy with partners in 2022, hosting hundreds of ready-to-use models and promoting "Model-as-a-Service".

Open sourceChinaData & datasets

The Hugging Face Hub is the platform where people share machine-learning models, datasets and demo apps. By September 2026 it had more than 3 million models and 18 million users.

Open sourceFoundation modelsData & datasets

A free, open catalogue that links machine learning papers to their code and maintains benchmark leaderboards tracking the state of the art; built by Atlas ML, majority-owned by Facebook from December 2019, and relaunched as paperswithcode.co by Hugging Face in 2026.

Research historyOpen sourceData & datasets

A Google search feature announced in 2012 that models real-world entities and their relationships, so that search can work with "things, not strings".

EnterpriseProduct historyData & datasets

A free online version of Stanford's artificial intelligence course, taught by Sebastian Thrun and Peter Norvig, which started on October 10, 2011 and drew 160,000 students from over 190 countries.

Research historyProduct historyScience

Kaggle is a data science competition platform and online community founded by Anthony Goldbloom in April 2010, where most submissions are scored instantly on a live leaderboard. Google acquired it in March 2017.

Product historyData & datasetsDeveloper tools

An open-source Python library for statistical learning, begun in 2007, first released publicly on 1 February 2010 by a team at Inria, and now one of the most popular machine learning programs on GitHub.

Research historyOpen sourceData & datasets

Bing is Microsoft's consumer search brand, launched on 3 June 2009 and pitched as a "Decision Engine" meant to help people make faster, better-informed decisions in areas such as shopping, travel, health and local business.

EnterpriseConsumer appsProduct history

Wolfram|Alpha is a web service that answers questions by computing results rather than returning links. Built entirely in Mathematica, it went live in test mode on 15 May 2009 and was declared officially launched three days later.

EnterpriseConsumer appsProduct history

CIFAR-10 is a labelled image dataset of 60000 32×32 colour images in 10 mutually exclusive classes, split into 50000 training and 10000 test images; it was created by Krizhevsky, Nair and Hinton for training and comparing image classifiers.

Research historyDeep learningData & datasets

Common Crawl is a nonprofit that has archived the public web since 2007 and gives its petabyte-scale datasets away for free. Its corpus became a core source of training data for large language models.

Research historyOpen sourceData & datasets

Apache Hadoop is an open-source framework for distributed storage and processing of big data, with the Hadoop Distributed File System for storage and MapReduce for processing; it grew out of the Nutch web-search project and was first released in 2006.

Open sourceProduct historyData & datasets

NASA's Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4, 1997, deployed the small Sojourner rover, used an airbag landing system for the first time, and returned thousands of images of the Martian surface.

Research historyRoboticsHardware & compute

C4.5 is a machine learning system that builds decision trees or if-then rules from cases with known classes. J. Ross Quinlan's 1993 book documents its C/UNIX implementation, source code, and use.

Research historyOpen sourceProduct history

PC Therapist was Joseph Weintraub's conversational program; a modified version won the first annual Loebner Prize Competition in 1991, fooling five of 10 judges into thinking it was human.

Research historyConsumer appsProduct history

The UCI Letter Recognition dataset is an archive of 20,000 distorted capital-letter images, each reduced to 16 integer attributes, used to benchmark classification algorithms on a 26-class recognition task.

Research historyOpen sourceData & datasets

NETtalk is an artificial neural network built by Terrence Sejnowski and Charles Rosenberg that learns to convert written English into phonemes and audible speech, showing that a network trained on examples can generalize to unseen words.

Research historyDeep learningProduct history

A two-volume MIT Press work by Rumelhart, McClelland and the PDP Research Group, published in 1986, that set out the parallel distributed processing framework — networks of simple units with hidden layers and sigmoid activation — and became a landmark of connectionism.

Research historyDeep learningScience

Cyc is a hand-built knowledge base and ontology of common-sense knowledge, begun by Douglas Lenat in 1984 to give software the basic concepts and rules about how the world works.

Research historyProduct historyData & datasets

DENDRAL was a Stanford artificial intelligence project begun in 1964 that identified unknown organic molecules from mass spectra using chemical knowledge. It is widely described as the first expert system and the ancestor of later systems such as MYCIN and PROSPECTOR.

Research historyProduct historyScience

Epoch AI's Benchmarking Hub collects benchmark results for leading AI models, including Epoch-run evaluations, and combines many scores into the Epoch Capabilities Index, a single general capability scale.

Large language modelsResearch historyData & datasets

Chinook is a checkers-playing computer program built by Jonathan Schaeffer and colleagues [^1]. It became the first computer program to win a human world championship in any game, and its completed form cannot be beaten [^1].

Research historyProduct historyScience

ImageNet is a large, hierarchical image database built on the WordNet conceptual model and released at Princeton University in 2009. It holds more than 14 million images in 21,841 categories, with bounding-box annotations, and a 1,000-class subset used by the ILSVRC challenge.

Research historyData & datasetsScience

Cinematch was Netflix's own algorithm for predicting what rating a subscriber would give a film. Its accuracy became the baseline of the Netflix Prize, a $1 million contest to beat it by 10 percent.

Research historyProduct historyData & datasets