Companies

AAAI is an international nonprofit scientific society for artificial intelligence, founded in 1979, which runs a flagship annual conference and has published a quarterly magazine since 1980.

Research historyScienceSymbolic AI

Baidu Research is the research arm of Baidu, built around the Institute of Deep Learning founded in 2013, with laboratories in Beijing and Silicon Valley; in 2014 Andrew Ng became chief scientist in charge of the whole organisation.

Research historyChinaEnterprise

Bell Labs was the research arm of the Bell System, where the transistor, Unix and the C language were created. Yann LeCun's convolutional networks for handwritten digits were developed there, which made it an early home of neural-network research.

Research historyDeep learningHardware & compute

Chinese chip designer founded in 2019 that builds general-purpose GPU (GPGPU) chips and intelligent computing solutions on its self-developed BILI series hardware and BIRENSUPA software, for AI training and inference from cloud to edge.

ChinaEnterpriseDeep learning

A Chinese AI chip company founded in 2016 and listed on the STAR Market in 2020. It designs cloud, edge and endpoint chips, and in 2025 it turned profitable as revenue rose sharply.

ChinaEnterpriseDeep learning

Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh has one of the earliest US computer science departments. Its researchers built the Logic Theorist, Sphinx speech recognition and the Deep Blue lineage, and won the 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge.

Research historyDeep learningRobotics

CVPR is the annual Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, first held in 1983 and usually held in June in North America. It is known for selective, double-blind review and open-access papers.

Research historyDeep learningComputer vision

NeurIPS is an annual December conference on machine learning and computational neuroscience, founded in 1987 and counted among the most influential meetings in AI research.

Research historyDeep learningScience

A private research university in Ithaca, New York, founded in 1865. It is also where Frank Rosenblatt studied and worked, and where the perceptron — an early learning machine and the first neural network — was developed.

Research historyDeep learningHardware & compute

A private Ivy League college in Hanover, New Hampshire, founded by royal charter in 1769. Its 1956 summer research project, proposed by John McCarthy, is credited with launching artificial intelligence as a field.

Research historySymbolic AIEducation

The Department of Machine Intelligence and Perception at the University of Edinburgh, created in October 1966 out of Donald Michie's Experimental Programming Unit, was an early British institutional home for artificial intelligence and a forerunner of the university's School of Informatics.

Research historyRoboticsSymbolic AI

DNNresearch Inc. was a University of Toronto start-up founded in 2012 by Geoffrey Hinton and two of his graduate students; Google bought it for its deep neural network research.

Research historyEnterpriseDeep learning

GitHub is a code hosting and collaboration platform used by more than 225 million developers, acquired by Microsoft in 2018 and the birthplace of the GitHub Copilot coding assistant.

Product historyDeveloper toolsCode

Google Brain was a deep-learning research team started inside Google's X in 2011. Its cat-recognition experiment, TensorFlow, sequence-to-sequence models and the Transformer made it central to modern AI; it merged into Google DeepMind in 2023.

Research historyDeep learningHardware & compute

A London-headquartered AI research organisation formed in 2023 by merging DeepMind with Google's Brain team, known for AlphaGo, AlphaFold and the Gemini model family.

Research historyDeep learningFoundation models

Google's research division, based in Mountain View and usually dated to 2000, produced the Transformer, BERT and T5 — the work underlying modern large language models.

Large language modelsResearch historyDeep learning

Huawei's artificial intelligence research centre, founded in 2012 and part of the company's 2012 Laboratories, with sites in China, Hong Kong, Europe and Canada and research spanning vision, language, search and recommendation, and decision-making.

ChinaEnterpriseDeep learning

A Chinese chip designer founded in 2014 that builds x86-compatible processors and DCU accelerators, listed on the STAR Market in 2022 and positioning itself around a self-developed C86 plus GPGPU product line.

ChinaEnterpriseDeep learning

IBM Research built Deep Blue, which beat world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997, and Watson, which won Jeopardy! in 2011. Nathaniel Rochester of IBM was also one of the four signatories of the 1955 Dartmouth proposal.

Research historyEnterpriseHardware & compute

A Swiss artificial intelligence institute founded in 1988 and now a joint institute of USI and SUPSI, known for LSTM and other neural-network research.

Research historyDeep learningRobotics