Models

Stable LM is Stability AI's family of open language models, first released in April 2023 as 3B- and 7B-parameter alpha versions under licenses that allow commercial use of the base models and research-only use of the instruction-tuned ones.

Large language modelsOpen sourceFoundation models

Amazon Titan is a family of foundation models built by Amazon for Amazon Bedrock, covering text generation, embeddings and image generation. It was announced in 2023 and later succeeded by Amazon Nova.

Large language modelsEnterpriseCloud

SenseNova is SenseTime's family of foundation models, unveiled on 10 April 2023 with a chatbot, an image generator and an avatar video generator, first offered to government and corporate clients rather than the public.

Large language modelsChinaEnterprise

Pythia is a suite of 16 open language models from EleutherAI, ranging from 70 million to 12 billion parameters, all trained on the same data in the same order, with 154 public checkpoints from each training run.

Large language modelsResearch historyOpen source

Midjourney V5 is a version of the Midjourney text-to-image model, released in alpha on 15 March 2023 and refined through the 5.x line before being succeeded by V6 in December 2023.

Consumer appsGenerative modelsCreative tools

A lighter, cheaper and faster version of Anthropic's Claude model, released in 2023 for business use through the API and retired in November 2024.

Large language modelsEnterpriseProduct history

Claude is the AI assistant Anthropic announced on 14 March 2023, its first publicly available assistant. It was built around training AI to be helpful, honest and harmless, and it started the Claude model line.

Large language modelsEnterpriseConsumer apps

Jurassic-2 is a family of large language models released by AI21 Labs in March 2023 as the successor to Jurassic-1, offered in three sizes with instruction-tuned variants, multilingual support and task-specific APIs; it was succeeded by Jamba in 2024.

Large language modelsFoundation modelsDeveloper tools

GPT-3.5 Turbo was the chat-optimised GPT-3.5 model OpenAI released through its API on 1 March 2023, priced at a tenth of the cost of earlier models and later replaced in ChatGPT by GPT-4o mini.

Large language modelsConsumer appsProduct history

Runway Gen-2 is a multimodal video generation system announced in March 2023 that turns text, images or video clips into new video, and was among the first commercially available text-to-video models.

MultimodalGenerative modelsCreative tools

Runway Gen-1 is a video-to-video diffusion model released in February 2023 that restyles existing footage from text or image prompts while keeping the source video's structure. It was among the first commercially available video-generation models.

MultimodalGenerative modelsCreative tools

An open bilingual chat model from Zhipu AI and Tsinghua KEG with about 6.2 billion parameters, small enough to run on one consumer GPU, with weights fully open for research.

Large language modelsOpen sourceChina

Cohere's first flagship instruction-following generative model, released in 2023 and distributed through Cohere's API and cloud marketplaces such as Amazon SageMaker JumpStart and Oracle Cloud Infrastructure, later superseded by Command R and deprecated in 2025.

Large language modelsEnterpriseFoundation models

A pair of medical question-answering language models described in arXiv papers of 26 December 2022 and 16 May 2023; the first introduced the MultiMedQA benchmark, and Med-PaLM 2 reached up to 86.5% on MedQA.

Large language modelsSafety & governanceScience

Stable Diffusion 2 is an open-source text-to-image model family released by Stability AI on 24 November 2022, built on a new OpenCLIP text encoder and shipped with upscaling, depth-guided and inpainting models; version 2.1 followed weeks later.

Open sourceGenerative modelsCreative tools

Galactica is a large language model for science, unveiled by Meta AI and Papers with Code in November 2022. Its public demo was taken down about three days later, after users found it produced fake papers.

Large language modelsResearch historyOpen source

Midjourney V4 is the fourth-generation image generation model released in alpha on 5 November 2022. It was the first Midjourney model trained on Google TPUs, and reviewers described it as a large step up from V3.

Consumer appsGenerative modelsCreative tools

GLM-130B is a 130-billion-parameter open bilingual Chinese–English dense language model from Tsinghua University's KEG group and Zhipu AI, built to give researchers an open model that matches GPT-3 at the hundred-billion scale.

Large language modelsResearch historyOpen source

Midjourney V3, released on 25 July 2022, was the third model version of Midjourney; it raised image quality sharply by learning from how users behaved, and it produced the image that won a Colorado State Fair digital-art prize.

Consumer appsGenerative modelsCreative tools

Imagen is a text-to-image diffusion model announced by Google Research in May 2022, known for pairing a frozen large language model with diffusion and for the DrawBench benchmark; Google did not release it publicly.

Research historyGenerative modelsCreative tools

OPT-175B is a 175-billion-parameter language model from Meta AI, announced in May 2022. Meta said it was the first model of its size released with both pretrained weights and the code to train and use them.

Large language modelsResearch historyOpen source

Flamingo is a DeepMind visual language model announced in April 2022. It takes prompts that mix images, videos and text and replies in language, learning new tasks from only a few examples.

Large language modelsResearch historyMultimodal

Midjourney V2 was the second model version of Midjourney's image generation model, released on 12 April 2022 and the default model until V3 arrived that July. Midjourney later described it as colorful and painterly but low in coherency.

Consumer appsGenerative modelsCreative tools

GPT-3.5 is the family of OpenAI language models between GPT-3 and GPT-4, released through API models such as text-davinci-002 and text-davinci-003 and underlying the first version of ChatGPT.

Large language modelsFoundation modelsProduct history

GPT-NeoX-20B is a 20-billion-parameter open autoregressive language model released by EleutherAI in February 2022, with weights under Apache 2.0 and its training code, described by its makers as the largest publicly accessible general-purpose model of its kind at the time.

Large language modelsResearch historyOpen source

AlphaCode is a DeepMind code-generation system for competitive programming, announced in February 2022. On Codeforces contests held after its training data, it reached an estimated rank around the median participant. A Gemini-based AlphaCode 2 followed in December 2023.

Large language modelsResearch historyCode

Midjourney V1 was Midjourney's first image-generation model, released in February 2022 and used through a bot on the company's Discord server. It produced abstract, painterly images and was replaced by V2 and V3 within months.

Consumer appsGenerative modelsCreative tools

ERNIE 3.0 Titan is a Chinese pre-trained language model with over 260 billion parameters, described by its authors as the largest dense Chinese model of its time and reported to beat state-of-the-art systems on 68 NLP datasets.

Large language modelsResearch historyChina

Gopher is DeepMind's 280-billion-parameter language model, announced in December 2021 alongside a study of what scale does to language models and a companion taxonomy of their risks.

Large language modelsResearch historyEurope

Megatron-Turing NLG 530B is a 530-billion-parameter language model announced by NVIDIA and Microsoft on 11 October 2021, then the largest monolithic transformer language model, trained on NVIDIA's Selene supercomputer with Megatron-LM and DeepSpeed combined.

Large language modelsFoundation modelsHardware & compute

Jurassic-1 is the first family of large language models from AI21 Labs, announced with the AI21 Studio developer platform in August 2021. Its largest model, Jumbo, has 178 billion parameters.

Large language modelsFoundation modelsDeveloper tools

RoseTTAFold is a three-track neural network for protein structure prediction, published by the Baker lab in 2021; its accuracy approached AlphaFold2's at CASP14, it models protein–protein complexes from sequence alone, and it is distributed as open code with a public web server.

Research historyOpen sourceDeep learning

ERNIE 3.0 is a 10-billion-parameter pre-trained language model from 2021 that trains on plain text plus a large-scale knowledge graph and fuses auto-encoding and auto-regressive networks, so one model handles both language understanding and generation.

Large language modelsResearch historyChina

GPT-J-6B is a six-billion-parameter open language model released by EleutherAI in June 2021 under the Apache 2.0 license. Its published scores sit close to GPT-3 Curie, making it a widely used free baseline for large-model research.

Large language modelsResearch historyOpen source

LaMDA is a family of conversational language models that Google announced in 2021 and described in a 2022 paper, notable for its work on safety and factual grounding in dialogue and for later powering Bard.

Large language modelsResearch historyConsumer apps

GPT-Neo is a family of open text-generation models released by EleutherAI in March 2021 at 125M, 1.3B and 2.7B parameters, built to replicate the GPT-3 architecture and distributed with freely downloadable weights under an MIT license.

Large language modelsResearch historyOpen source

AlphaFold2 is DeepMind's protein structure prediction system, announced in 2020. It reached accuracy competitive with experimental methods in many cases, and work in this area received half of the 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Research historyDeep learningScience

Meena is a 2.6-billion-parameter open-domain chatbot from Google, trained end-to-end on filtered social media conversations. Its 2020 paper introduced the SSA human-evaluation metric and linked next-token perplexity to human-judged chat quality. The work was later renamed LaMDA.

Large language modelsResearch historyConsumer apps

T5 is a family of Google Transformer models that recasts every language task as text in, text out. Its 11-billion-parameter version set state of the art on several benchmarks, and the code, models and C4 dataset were released openly.

Large language modelsOpen sourceFoundation models

ERNIE 2.0 is Baidu's pre-trained language model framework, published in 2019, which builds pre-training tasks incrementally through continual multi-task learning and reported results above BERT and XLNet on English and Chinese benchmarks.

Large language modelsResearch historyOpen source

Baidu's first ERNIE pre-trained language model, released in March 2019, added entity- and phrase-level masking to BERT-style pre-training and reported state-of-the-art results on five Chinese NLP tasks.

Large language modelsResearch historyOpen source

DeepMind's first protein-structure prediction system, which placed first overall in the 2018 CASP13 blind assessment by estimating probability distributions of distances between residues.

Research historyDeep learningScience

A DeepMind generative model that predicts raw audio one sample at a time, bringing neural text-to-speech close to human quality and later powering Google Assistant and Cloud Text-to-Speech voices.

Research historyDeep learningConsumer apps