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Papers that changed AI, with a plain-language explainer for each.

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2026
Muse Spark Safety & Preparedness Report
arXiv
Meta's safety and preparedness report for Muse Spark, the model behind Meta AI, sets out the catastrophic-risk evaluations behind its launch and argues that, with mitigations applied, residual risk is acceptable.
Large language models Foundation models Safety & governance
2026
DeepSeek-V4: Towards Highly Efficient Million-Token Context Intelligence
arXiv
A preview report on the DeepSeek-V4 series, describing a 1.6-trillion-parameter Pro model and a 284-billion-parameter Flash model, both with one-million-token context, plus the attention, connection and optimization changes that make that length affordable.
Large language models Open source China
2025
Gemini 2.5: Pushing the Frontier with Advanced Reasoning, Multimodality, Long Context, and Next Generation Agentic Capabilities
arXiv
The Gemini 2.5 technical report, submitted to arXiv on 7 July 2025, documents Google's Gemini 2.5 Pro and 2.5 Flash models: their reasoning, long-context video handling, and cost-versus-capability positioning.
Large language models Foundation models Multimodal
2025
Absolute Zero: Reinforced Self-play Reasoning with Zero Data
arXiv
A 2025 paper proposing Absolute Zero, a reinforcement-learning paradigm in which one model writes its own code-reasoning tasks and then solves them, with a code executor as the only judge, reaching state of the art on coding and maths without external training data.
Research history Open source Deep learning
2025
s1: Simple test-time scaling
arXiv
A paper showing that a 32B model fine-tuned on 1,000 carefully chosen questions and run with a simple "budget forcing" trick can beat o1-preview on competition maths by up to 27%, with model, data and code released.
Large language models Research history Deep learning
2024
DeepSeek-V3 Technical Report
arXiv
A technical report from DeepSeek-AI on DeepSeek-V3, a mixture-of-experts language model with 671 billion total parameters, describing its architecture, training pipeline, and evaluations, including a full training run of 2.788 million H800 GPU hours.
Large language models Open source China
2024
SAM 2: Segment Anything in Images and Videos
arXiv
SAM 2 is a Meta FAIR foundation model that segments objects in images and videos from simple prompts such as points, boxes or masks, released together with a large video segmentation dataset and training code.
Research history Deep learning Multimodal
2024
The Llama 3 Herd of Models
arXiv
Meta's 2024 paper describing Llama 3 as a family of foundation models — 8B, 70B and 405B parameters — trained on about 15 trillion tokens and reported to match leading models such as GPT-4 across a wide range of tasks.
Large language models Research history Open source
2024
FlashAttention-3: Fast and Accurate Attention with Asynchrony and Low-precision
arXiv
FlashAttention-3 is an attention algorithm for NVIDIA Hopper (H100) GPUs that reaches up to 75% utilization in FP16 and close to 1.2 PFLOPs/s in FP8, using asynchronous execution and low-precision techniques.
Research history Deep learning Developer tools
2024
Transformers are SSMs: Generalized Models and Efficient Algorithms Through Structured State Space Duality
ICML
Tri Dao and Albert Gu's paper introduces state space duality, a framework showing that structured state space models and attention variants are closely related, and uses it to derive Mamba-2, whose core layer runs 2 to 8 times faster than Mamba's.
Research history Deep learning Transformers & attention
2024
Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold 3
Nature
AlphaFold 3, published in Nature in May 2024, extends structure prediction to biomolecular interactions, reporting greater accuracy than docking tools for protein–ligand binding and than AlphaFold-Multimer v.2.3 for antibody–antigen complexes.
Deep learning Science Biomedicine
2024
Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of context
arXiv
A report from Google's Gemini Team introducing the Gemini 1.5 family, multimodal models built around very long context, with Gemini 1.5 Pro recalling information across up to 10 million tokens.[^1]
Large language models Research history Foundation models
2023
Mamba: Linear-Time Sequence Modeling with Selective State Spaces
arXiv
Mamba is a sequence-model architecture introduced by Albert Gu and Tri Dao that replaces attention with selective state space models, giving linear-time scaling, faster inference, and language-model quality competitive with Transformers twice its size.
Large language models Research history Deep learning
2023
Scaling deep learning for materials discovery
Nature
A 2023 Nature paper from researchers at Google DeepMind presenting a scaled-up deep-learning approach to predicting stable crystal structures, screening 2.2 million candidates and reporting a large jump in stability-prediction accuracy.
Deep learning Data & datasets Science
2023
FlashAttention-2: Faster Attention with Better Parallelism and Work Partitioning
arXiv
FlashAttention-2 is a 2023 revision of the FlashAttention attention kernel that reorganizes work across GPU thread blocks and warps, roughly doubling speed and reaching up to 73% of the A100's theoretical peak throughput.
Research history Deep learning Developer tools
2023
Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Model
arXiv 2305.18290
A 2023 paper by Rafailov and colleagues that rewrites the reinforcement-learning-from-human-feedback objective so a language model can be aligned to preferences with a simple classification loss, without a separate reward model or reinforcement learning.
Large language models Research history Deep learning
2023
QLoRA: Efficient Finetuning of Quantized LLMs
arXiv
QLoRA is a finetuning method that trains a 65B-parameter language model on a single 48GB GPU while matching full 16-bit finetuning quality, using 4-bit quantization, double quantization and paged optimizers.
Large language models Research history Developer tools
2022
Learning skillful medium-range global weather forecasting
Science
GraphCast is a graph neural network trained on four decades of reanalysis data that produces 10-day global weather forecasts at 0.25 degree resolution in under a minute, outperforming the leading operational deterministic systems on most verification targets.
Deep learning Science Simulation
2022
Scalable Diffusion Models with Transformers (DiT)
arXiv
A 2022 paper by William Peebles and Saining Xie that replaces the U-Net backbone of diffusion models with a transformer operating on latent patches, showing that image quality improves predictably as compute grows and reaching a state-of-the-art FID of 2.27 on ImageNet 256×256.
Research history Generative models Image generation
2022
FlashAttention: Fast and Memory-Efficient Exact Attention with IO-Awareness
arXiv
FlashAttention is an exact attention algorithm built around GPU memory traffic: by tiling computation so intermediates stay on chip, it cuts reads and writes to high bandwidth memory, training Transformers faster and enabling longer sequences.
Research history Deep learning Developer tools