Models

Claude 2 is the second major version of Anthropic's assistant model, released on 11 July 2023 with better performance and longer responses. It was the first Claude model open to the general public.

Large language modelsEnterpriseConsumer apps

Pangu-Weather is a three-dimensional deep-learning model for medium-range global weather forecasting, published in Nature in 2023; on reanalysis data it produced stronger forecasts than ECMWF's operational system across all tested variables.

ChinaDeep learningScience

Phi-1 is a 1.3-billion-parameter Transformer language model for Python from Microsoft Research, which showed that filtered and synthetic "textbook quality" training data can partly substitute for model and data scale.

Large language modelsOpen sourceData & datasets

PaLM 2 is Google's second-generation Pathways language model, announced on 10 May 2023 in four sizes and used across more than 25 Google products, including Bard.

Large language modelsEnterpriseConsumer apps

SparkDesk is iFlytek's cognitive large model, unveiled on 6 May 2023 as the company's answer to ChatGPT in education and enterprise uses, built on Huawei Ascend chips and followed by rapid version updates through 2024.

Large language modelsChinaEnterprise

StarCoder is an open-access code language model of about 15.5 billion parameters, released on 4 May 2023 by the BigCode project led by Hugging Face and ServiceNow.

Large language modelsOpen sourceData & datasets

Amazon Titan is a family of foundation models built by Amazon for Amazon Bedrock, covering text generation, embeddings and image generation. It was announced in 2023 and later succeeded by Amazon Nova.

Large language modelsEnterpriseCloud

SenseNova is SenseTime's family of foundation models, unveiled on 10 April 2023 with a chatbot, an image generator and an avatar video generator, first offered to government and corporate clients rather than the public.

Large language modelsChinaEnterprise

Pythia is a suite of 16 open language models from EleutherAI, ranging from 70 million to 12 billion parameters, all trained on the same data in the same order, with 154 public checkpoints from each training run.

Large language modelsResearch historyOpen source

A lighter, cheaper and faster version of Anthropic's Claude model, released in 2023 for business use through the API and retired in November 2024.

Large language modelsEnterpriseProduct history

Claude is the AI assistant Anthropic announced on 14 March 2023, its first publicly available assistant. It was built around training AI to be helpful, honest and harmless, and it started the Claude model line.

Large language modelsEnterpriseConsumer apps

Cohere's first flagship instruction-following generative model, released in 2023 and distributed through Cohere's API and cloud marketplaces such as Amazon SageMaker JumpStart and Oracle Cloud Infrastructure, later superseded by Command R and deprecated in 2025.

Large language modelsEnterpriseFoundation models

A pair of medical question-answering language models described in arXiv papers of 26 December 2022 and 16 May 2023; the first introduced the MultiMedQA benchmark, and Med-PaLM 2 reached up to 86.5% on MedQA.

Large language modelsSafety & governanceScience

Galactica is a large language model for science, unveiled by Meta AI and Papers with Code in November 2022. Its public demo was taken down about three days later, after users found it produced fake papers.

Large language modelsResearch historyOpen source

GPT-3.5 is the family of OpenAI language models between GPT-3 and GPT-4, released through API models such as text-davinci-002 and text-davinci-003 and underlying the first version of ChatGPT.

Large language modelsFoundation modelsProduct history

AlphaCode is a DeepMind code-generation system for competitive programming, announced in February 2022. On Codeforces contests held after its training data, it reached an estimated rank around the median participant. A Gemini-based AlphaCode 2 followed in December 2023.

Large language modelsResearch historyCode

RoseTTAFold is a three-track neural network for protein structure prediction, published by the Baker lab in 2021; its accuracy approached AlphaFold2's at CASP14, it models protein–protein complexes from sequence alone, and it is distributed as open code with a public web server.

Research historyOpen sourceDeep learning

AlphaFold2 is DeepMind's protein structure prediction system, announced in 2020. It reached accuracy competitive with experimental methods in many cases, and work in this area received half of the 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Research historyDeep learningScience

T5 is a family of Google Transformer models that recasts every language task as text in, text out. Its 11-billion-parameter version set state of the art on several benchmarks, and the code, models and C4 dataset were released openly.

Large language modelsOpen sourceFoundation models

DeepMind's first protein-structure prediction system, which placed first overall in the 2018 CASP13 blind assessment by estimating probability distributions of distances between residues.

Research historyDeep learningScience

IBM Watson is a question-answering computer system built by an IBM research team led by David Ferrucci; in February 2011 it defeated the two foremost all-time champions of the televised quiz show Jeopardy!

Research historyEnterpriseReasoning