Models

DeepSeek's first model release: a family of open-source code models from 1.3B to 33B parameters, trained from scratch on 2 trillion tokens and reported to beat Codex and GPT-3.5 on several benchmarks.

Large language modelsOpen sourceChina

Fuyu-8B is a decoder-only multimodal model that Adept open-sourced in October 2023; it drops the image encoder, accepts arbitrary resolutions, and reads screens and charts.

Open sourceAgents & tool useMultimodal

ERNIE 4.0 is Baidu's foundation model unveiled in October 2023, pitched as its most capable model and, in Robin Li's words, "not inferior in any aspect to GPT-4". It anchors Baidu's ERNIE Bot assistant and Qianfan platform.

Large language modelsChinaEnterprise

GPT-4V is a version of GPT-4 that accepts image input alongside text, documented in OpenAI's system card of 25 September 2023 and released to developers through preview API models; image understanding later became native in GPT-4o.

Large language modelsMultimodalSafety & governance

Stable Audio, launched by Stability AI on 13 September 2023, is a text-to-music and sound generator that Stability describes as its first audio product, later joined by open and enterprise versions.

EnterpriseConsumer appsGenerative models

Phi-1.5 is a 1.3-billion-parameter language model from Microsoft Research, trained on curated synthetic "textbook" text rather than web crawls; its report claims natural-language performance comparable to models five times larger.

Large language modelsOpen sourceReasoning

Hunyuan is Tencent's first proprietary large foundation model, unveiled in September 2023 and offered to enterprises through Tencent Cloud. The line was later branded Hy.

Large language modelsChinaEnterprise

Qwen-VL is a family of vision-language models released in August 2023 that builds on the Qwen language model to caption images, answer questions about them, locate objects and read text, with open Base and Chat versions.

Open sourceChinaMultimodal

Code Llama is a family of coding models that Meta released in August 2023 by further training Llama 2 on code. It ranges from 7 billion to 70 billion parameters and uses the Llama 2 community license.

Large language modelsOpen sourceDeveloper tools

SparkDesk V2.0 is the second version of iFlytek's large language model, launched on 15 August 2023 with upgraded coding and multimodal abilities, and released alongside the iFlyCode 1.0 programming assistant.

Large language modelsChinaFoundation models

RT-2 is a vision-language-action model from Google DeepMind, announced on 28 July 2023, that turns images and text instructions into robot actions written as text tokens. In over 6,000 trials it reached 62% on unseen scenarios, up from 32% for RT-1.

MultimodalRoboticsComputer vision

Claude 2 is the second major version of Anthropic's assistant model, released on 11 July 2023 with better performance and longer responses. It was the first Claude model open to the general public.

Large language modelsEnterpriseConsumer apps

Phi-1 is a 1.3-billion-parameter Transformer language model for Python from Microsoft Research, which showed that filtered and synthetic "textbook quality" training data can partly substitute for model and data scale.

Large language modelsOpen sourceData & datasets

PaLM 2 is Google's second-generation Pathways language model, announced on 10 May 2023 in four sizes and used across more than 25 Google products, including Bard.

Large language modelsEnterpriseConsumer apps

SparkDesk is iFlytek's cognitive large model, unveiled on 6 May 2023 as the company's answer to ChatGPT in education and enterprise uses, built on Huawei Ascend chips and followed by rapid version updates through 2024.

Large language modelsChinaEnterprise

StarCoder is an open-access code language model of about 15.5 billion parameters, released on 4 May 2023 by the BigCode project led by Hugging Face and ServiceNow.

Large language modelsOpen sourceData & datasets

Amazon Titan is a family of foundation models built by Amazon for Amazon Bedrock, covering text generation, embeddings and image generation. It was announced in 2023 and later succeeded by Amazon Nova.

Large language modelsEnterpriseCloud

SenseNova is SenseTime's family of foundation models, unveiled on 10 April 2023 with a chatbot, an image generator and an avatar video generator, first offered to government and corporate clients rather than the public.

Large language modelsChinaEnterprise

A lighter, cheaper and faster version of Anthropic's Claude model, released in 2023 for business use through the API and retired in November 2024.

Large language modelsEnterpriseProduct history

Claude is the AI assistant Anthropic announced on 14 March 2023, its first publicly available assistant. It was built around training AI to be helpful, honest and harmless, and it started the Claude model line.

Large language modelsEnterpriseConsumer apps

Cohere's first flagship instruction-following generative model, released in 2023 and distributed through Cohere's API and cloud marketplaces such as Amazon SageMaker JumpStart and Oracle Cloud Infrastructure, later superseded by Command R and deprecated in 2025.

Large language modelsEnterpriseFoundation models

Flamingo is a DeepMind visual language model announced in April 2022. It takes prompts that mix images, videos and text and replies in language, learning new tasks from only a few examples.

Large language modelsResearch historyMultimodal

GPT-3.5 is the family of OpenAI language models between GPT-3 and GPT-4, released through API models such as text-davinci-002 and text-davinci-003 and underlying the first version of ChatGPT.

Large language modelsFoundation modelsProduct history

AlphaCode is a DeepMind code-generation system for competitive programming, announced in February 2022. On Codeforces contests held after its training data, it reached an estimated rank around the median participant. A Gemini-based AlphaCode 2 followed in December 2023.

Large language modelsResearch historyCode

An image-text model from OpenAI that learns to match pictures with their captions. Trained on about 400 million image-caption pairs, it can classify images by comparing them against written prompts, with no task-specific training.

Open sourceFoundation modelsMultimodal

T5 is a family of Google Transformer models that recasts every language task as text in, text out. Its 11-billion-parameter version set state of the art on several benchmarks, and the code, models and C4 dataset were released openly.

Large language modelsOpen sourceFoundation models

AlexNet is the eight-layer convolutional network that won the ILSVRC2012 image classification task by a wide margin, showing that a large network trained on a large labelled dataset with GPUs could beat hand-designed features.

Research historyDeep learningComputer vision

IBM Watson is a question-answering computer system built by an IBM research team led by David Ferrucci; in February 2011 it defeated the two foremost all-time champions of the televised quiz show Jeopardy!

Research historyEnterpriseReasoning