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Each item is one event, written from several sources, with a footnote for every fact.

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Milestone

IBM Watson wins Jeopardy!

In February 2011 IBM's Watson beat Jeopardy! champions Brad Rutter and Ken Jennings in two televised matches, winning USD 77,147 for charity — a public test of machine question-answering, and IBM's chosen successor to its 1997 chess victory.

Milestone

Judea Pearl receives the 2011 ACM Turing Award

In 2011 ACM gave Judea Pearl the A.M. Turing Award for a calculus of probabilistic and causal reasoning, work that began with his invention of Bayesian networks and later produced the do-calculus for causal inference.

Milestone

John McCarthy receives the 1988 Kyoto Prize

In 1988 the Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technology went to John McCarthy, honoured for founding artificial intelligence and for inventing LISP, the programming language built for symbol manipulation rather than numerical calculation.

Milestone

Marvin Minsky receives the 1969 ACM Turing Award

In 1969 the ACM named Marvin Minsky a Turing Award laureate for his central role in creating and shaping artificial intelligence. He had co-founded MIT's AI laboratory and written an early paper that put symbol manipulation at the centre of the field.