Models

Phi-4 is Microsoft's 14-billion-parameter dense decoder-only language model, built with a data-quality-first recipe heavy on synthetic data and released with full weights under the MIT licence in January 2025.

Large language modelsOpen sourceReasoning

A version of OpenAI's o1 that spends more compute before answering, launched on 5 December 2024 inside the $200-a-month ChatGPT Pro plan and added to the API on 19 March 2025.

Large language modelsConsumer appsReasoning

Genie 2 is a foundation world model from Google DeepMind, announced on 4 December 2024, that turns a single prompt image into a playable 3D environment that a person or an AI agent can explore with keyboard and mouse controls.

Agents & tool useGenerative modelsSimulation

QwQ-32B-Preview is an experimental reasoning research model released by the Qwen team on 28 November 2024, with 32B parameters, a 32K-token context and open Apache 2.0 weights. It scored strongly on maths benchmarks but the team documented clear failure modes.

Large language modelsOpen sourceChina

Tülu 3 is Ai2's open post-training recipe and model family, released in 8B and 70B sizes on top of Llama 3.1 and combining instruction tuning, preference tuning with on-policy data, and reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards.

Large language modelsOpen sourceReasoning

Pixtral Large is Mistral AI's open-weight multimodal model announced on 18 November 2024, built on Mistral Large 2, combining a 123B-parameter decoder with a 1B vision encoder and a 128K-token context window. It was retired in May 2026.

EnterpriseMultimodalComputer vision

Anthropic's small, fast language model announced in October 2024 as the successor to Claude 3 Haiku, claimed to reach the intelligence of the previous flagship at Haiku-like speed and to be especially strong at coding.

Large language modelsEnterpriseCode

The upgraded Claude 3.5 Sonnet, announced on 22 October 2024, raised coding and agentic scores and introduced computer use in public beta, the first such offer from a frontier AI model.

Large language modelsEnterpriseAgents & tool use

Molmo is a family of open vision-language models released by Ai2 on 25 September 2024 that can point at objects in images, with weights, code, data and evaluations published openly.

Open sourceMultimodalData & datasets

Llama 3.2, announced on 25 September 2024, added vision models at 11 billion and 90 billion parameters and small text-only models at 1 billion and 3 billion for edge and mobile devices.

Large language modelsOpen sourceMultimodal

Qwen2.5 is the Qwen family's September 2024 generation. Its launch included 13 open-weight models, with up to 18 trillion pretraining tokens, 128K context and most models under Apache 2.0.

Large language modelsOpen sourceChina

Pixtral 12B is Mistral AI's first multimodal model, pairing a 12B language decoder with a 400M vision encoder. Released openly under Apache 2.0 in September 2024, it reads images at native resolution and was retired at the end of 2025.

Open sourceMultimodalComputer vision

NVLM is a family of multimodal large language models from NVIDIA, described in a paper posted to arXiv in September 2024; its flagship NVLM-D-72B was later released as open weights for non-commercial use.

Large language modelsOpen sourceMultimodal

o1-mini is a smaller, faster and cheaper reasoning model that OpenAI released on 12 September 2024 alongside o1-preview, trained with reinforcement learning to reason step by step and rated particularly effective at coding.

Large language modelsReasoningCode

DeepSeek-V2.5 is a model released on 5 September 2024 that merged DeepSeek's chat and code models into one, keeping both conversational and coding ability while improving safety scores.

Large language modelsOpen sourceChina

Yi-Coder is a family of open-source code models from 01.AI, released in September 2024 in 1.5B and 9B sizes, each with base and chat versions, covering 52 programming languages with context up to 128K tokens.

Large language modelsOpen sourceChina

Qwen2-VL is Alibaba's vision-language model released on 29 August 2024. It understands videos longer than 20 minutes, reads text in many languages, and can act as an agent on phones and robots.

Open sourceChinaAgents & tool use

SAM 2 is Meta's 2024 successor to the Segment Anything Model. It segments objects in both images and videos in real time, and its release included the SA-V video dataset.

Open sourceFoundation modelsData & datasets

AlphaProof is a Google DeepMind reinforcement-learning system that proves mathematical statements in the formal language Lean. At the 2024 International Mathematical Olympiad it solved three problems, and together with AlphaGeometry 2 reached silver-medal level.

ReasoningScienceSymbolic AI

Mistral AI's second-generation flagship model, released in July 2024 with 123 billion parameters, a 128K-token context window, wide language and code coverage, and weights published under a research license.

Large language modelsEnterpriseCode

A 7-billion-parameter model released by Mistral AI on 16 July 2024 for mathematical and STEM reasoning, built on Mistral 7B, openly licensed, and now listed as deprecated.

Open sourceReasoningScience

Codestral Mamba is a 7B open code model from Mistral AI, released in July 2024, that swaps the Transformer for the Mamba state-space architecture to get linear-time inference.

Open sourceDeveloper toolsCode

Claude 3.5 Sonnet, released on 20 June 2024, was the first model of the Claude 3.5 family. It ran twice as fast as Claude 3 Opus at the mid-tier price and powered the new Artifacts and Projects features.

Large language modelsEnterpriseConsumer apps

An open-source mixture-of-experts code model from DeepSeek, released in June 2024, that widened language coverage and context length over its predecessor and reported benchmark results above several closed models.

Large language modelsOpen sourceChina

Codestral is Mistral AI's family of code models, first released in May 2024 as an open-weight 22B-parameter model with a 32K context window, followed by faster and longer-context versions aimed at IDE code completion.

Large language modelsDeveloper toolsCode

Octo is an open-source generalist robot policy: a transformer-based diffusion model trained on 800,000 robot trajectories that can drive a range of robots out of the box and be fine-tuned to new setups.

Open sourceDeep learningFoundation models

Snowflake's open-weight model with 480 billion total and 17 billion active parameters, built as a dense-MoE hybrid, released in April 2024 under Apache 2.0 and trained for under 2 million dollars.

Large language modelsOpen sourceEnterprise

Grok-1.5 is xAI's upgrade to Grok-1, with better reasoning and a 128,000-token context window. Its companion Grok-1.5V was xAI's first multimodal model. Neither model's weights were released publicly.

Large language modelsMultimodalReasoning

DBRX is Databricks' openly licensed large language model, a mixture-of-experts transformer with 132 billion total parameters and 36 billion active per token, announced on 27 March 2024.

Large language modelsOpen sourceEnterprise

Step-1V is a roughly 100-billion-parameter multimodal model from StepFun, unveiled in March 2024, that reads text, data and charts in images and supports video understanding; it ranked first on OpenCompass at launch and was succeeded by Step-1.5V.

Large language modelsChinaMultimodal

Claude 3 Haiku is the smallest and fastest model in Anthropic's Claude 3 family, announced in March 2024 with low per-token pricing, a 200K-token context window and image input; retired in April 2026.

Large language modelsEnterpriseMultimodal

Claude 3 Sonnet was the middle model of Anthropic's Claude 3 family, announced on 4 March 2024. It powered the free tier of claude.ai, offered a 200K-token context window, and was retired on 21 July 2025.

Large language modelsEnterpriseConsumer apps

Claude 3 Opus, announced on 4 March 2024, was the most capable model in the Claude 3 family. It added vision and launched with a 200K-token context window and a Needle In A Haystack recall above 99%.

Large language modelsEnterpriseMultimodal

StarCoder2 is a family of open code models in 3B, 7B and 15B sizes, released in February 2024 by BigCode (Hugging Face and ServiceNow) with NVIDIA and trained on The Stack v2, published together with its dataset and training code.

Large language modelsOpen sourceData & datasets

A Google DeepMind generative world model with 11 billion parameters that turns text, images or sketches into controllable virtual worlds, described as the first generative interactive environment trained on unlabelled internet videos without action labels.

Research historyGenerative modelsSimulation

DeepSeekMath is a 7B-parameter open language model built for mathematical reasoning and released in 2024. It reached 51.7% on the competition-level MATH benchmark without external tools, and introduced GRPO, a reinforcement-learning algorithm that uses less memory than PPO.

Large language modelsOpen sourceChina

Yi-VL-34B and Yi-VL-6B are open vision-language models from 01.AI, released on 23 January 2024. They read images and text together and ranked first among open models on the MMMU and CMMMU benchmarks.

Open sourceChinaMultimodal

AlphaGeometry is a Google DeepMind system that pairs a neural language model with a symbolic deduction engine to solve olympiad geometry problems, reaching near gold-medal level on a benchmark of 30 problems.

Open sourceReasoningScience

FunSearch is a method that uses a pretrained large language model inside an evolutionary loop to search for programs that solve mathematical and computational problems, rather than for answers directly. It produced new results on the cap set problem and on online bin packing.

Deep learningReasoningScience

Phi-2 is a 2.7-billion-parameter base language model from Microsoft Research, announced on 12 December 2023. Microsoft reported that it matched or beat models up to 25 times larger on complex benchmarks, making it a reference point for small-model training.

Large language modelsOpen sourceReasoning

GraphCast is a Google DeepMind machine-learning model that makes global weather forecasts up to 10 days ahead, producing a 10-day forecast in under a minute on a single TPU and outperforming ECMWF's HRES on most tested variables.

Open sourceDeep learningScience

DeepSeek's first model release: a family of open-source code models from 1.3B to 33B parameters, trained from scratch on 2 trillion tokens and reported to beat Codex and GPT-3.5 on several benchmarks.

Large language modelsOpen sourceChina

Fuyu-8B is a decoder-only multimodal model that Adept open-sourced in October 2023; it drops the image encoder, accepts arbitrary resolutions, and reads screens and charts.

Open sourceAgents & tool useMultimodal

GPT-4V is a version of GPT-4 that accepts image input alongside text, documented in OpenAI's system card of 25 September 2023 and released to developers through preview API models; image understanding later became native in GPT-4o.

Large language modelsMultimodalSafety & governance

Phi-1.5 is a 1.3-billion-parameter language model from Microsoft Research, trained on curated synthetic "textbook" text rather than web crawls; its report claims natural-language performance comparable to models five times larger.

Large language modelsOpen sourceReasoning

Qwen-VL is a family of vision-language models released in August 2023 that builds on the Qwen language model to caption images, answer questions about them, locate objects and read text, with open Base and Chat versions.

Open sourceChinaMultimodal

Code Llama is a family of coding models that Meta released in August 2023 by further training Llama 2 on code. It ranges from 7 billion to 70 billion parameters and uses the Llama 2 community license.

Large language modelsOpen sourceDeveloper tools

SparkDesk V2.0 is the second version of iFlytek's large language model, launched on 15 August 2023 with upgraded coding and multimodal abilities, and released alongside the iFlyCode 1.0 programming assistant.

Large language modelsChinaFoundation models

RT-2 is a vision-language-action model from Google DeepMind, announced on 28 July 2023, that turns images and text instructions into robot actions written as text tokens. In over 6,000 trials it reached 62% on unseen scenarios, up from 32% for RT-1.

MultimodalRoboticsComputer vision

Pangu-Weather is a three-dimensional deep-learning model for medium-range global weather forecasting, published in Nature in 2023; on reanalysis data it produced stronger forecasts than ECMWF's operational system across all tested variables.

ChinaDeep learningScience

Phi-1 is a 1.3-billion-parameter Transformer language model for Python from Microsoft Research, which showed that filtered and synthetic "textbook quality" training data can partly substitute for model and data scale.

Large language modelsOpen sourceData & datasets

StarCoder is an open-access code language model of about 15.5 billion parameters, released on 4 May 2023 by the BigCode project led by Hugging Face and ServiceNow.

Large language modelsOpen sourceData & datasets

Flamingo is a DeepMind visual language model announced in April 2022. It takes prompts that mix images, videos and text and replies in language, learning new tasks from only a few examples.

Large language modelsResearch historyMultimodal

GPT-3.5 is the family of OpenAI language models between GPT-3 and GPT-4, released through API models such as text-davinci-002 and text-davinci-003 and underlying the first version of ChatGPT.

Large language modelsFoundation modelsProduct history

AlphaCode is a DeepMind code-generation system for competitive programming, announced in February 2022. On Codeforces contests held after its training data, it reached an estimated rank around the median participant. A Gemini-based AlphaCode 2 followed in December 2023.

Large language modelsResearch historyCode

An image-text model from OpenAI that learns to match pictures with their captions. Trained on about 400 million image-caption pairs, it can classify images by comparing them against written prompts, with no task-specific training.

Open sourceFoundation modelsMultimodal