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In 1995 a Mercedes 500 SEL built by Ernst Dickmanns' team drove over 2,000 km from Munich to Copenhagen and back in traffic, using cameras only, reaching 180 km/h and averaging 9 km between human interventions.
In 1994 the University of Alberta's Chinook became the first computer program to win a human world championship in a board game, taking the World Man-Machine Checkers Championship in Boston.
In June 1993, researchers including Minoru Asada, Yasuo Kuniyoshi and Hiroaki Kitano proposed a robot soccer competition tentatively called the Robot J-League. International interest soon led to its renaming as the Robot World Cup Initiative, or RoboCup.
In 1992, Alan Mackworth's paper on seeing robots and a Tokyo workshop on AI grand challenges independently put forward robot soccer as a way to drive AI and robotics research.
TD-Gammon was an IBM backgammon program built by Gerald Tesauro that taught itself to evaluate positions by playing against itself with temporal-difference learning, reaching a level just below top human players and becoming an early landmark for reinforcement learning.
On 8 November 1991 the first Loebner Prize competition was held at The Computer Museum, where Joseph Weintraub's PC Therapist fooled five of ten judges and won a $1,500 award and a bronze medal.
In 1990, New York philanthropist Hugh Loebner offered $100,000 for the first machine to pass a restricted Turing Test, launching a public contest hosted by The Computer Museum.
In 1990, Chinook became the first program in any game to earn the right to play for a human world championship, beginning a path that led to a championship and, later, a solved checkers game.
The first NeurIPS conference was held in 1987 in Denver, with Ed Posner as conference president and Yaser Abu-Mostafa as program chairman; its proceedings were published as volume 0 of the series.
In October 1986 Rumelhart, Hinton and Williams published a Nature paper showing that networks with hidden units can learn useful internal representations by back-propagation — with the 1987 PDP volumes, a key publication of connectionism's second wave.
Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry launched a ten-year national project in 1982 to build a logic-programming, massively parallel computer for artificial intelligence. It produced working parallel inference machines but ended in commercial failure.
The first International Workshop on Machine Learning, held at Carnegie Mellon University in July 1980, was the meeting that grew into ICML, today one of the three main machine learning conferences.
Founded in 1979, AAAI is a nonprofit scientific society for artificial intelligence that runs conferences and workshops, publishes a quarterly magazine and conference proceedings, and promotes safe, responsible AI research and public understanding.
In the early 1970s DARPA sharply cut back support for undirected academic AI research and redirected money toward mission-oriented military projects. Together with the Lighthill report, the cuts are counted among the episodes that led into the first AI winter.
The First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence was held in Washington, DC, from 7 to 9 May 1969, with proceedings covering theorem proving, robotics, natural language parsing and heuristic search; it began a conference series held every other year since.
The 1966 report of the Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee, a seven-scientist panel led by John R. Pierce, judged machine translation slower, costlier and less accurate than human translation, and was followed by a sharp cut in US funding.
On 13 June 1962, nine researchers founded the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, which in 1968 became the Association for Computational Linguistics — the professional society that organises the field's meetings and publications.
In the summer of 1956, at the conference that gave artificial intelligence its name, Newell and Simon presented Logic Theorist, a program that proved theorems from Principia Mathematica. The reception was lukewarm.
