Total 1,098
TD-Gammon was an IBM backgammon program built by Gerald Tesauro that taught itself to evaluate positions by playing against itself with temporal-difference learning, reaching a level just below top human players and becoming an early landmark for reinforcement learning.
On 8 November 1991 the first Loebner Prize competition was held at The Computer Museum, where Joseph Weintraub's PC Therapist fooled five of ten judges and won a $1,500 award and a bronze medal.
In 1990, New York philanthropist Hugh Loebner offered $100,000 for the first machine to pass a restricted Turing Test, launching a public contest hosted by The Computer Museum.
In 1990, Chinook became the first program in any game to earn the right to play for a human world championship, beginning a path that led to a championship and, later, a solved checkers game.
In 1988 the Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technology went to John McCarthy, honoured for founding artificial intelligence and for inventing LISP, the programming language built for symbol manipulation rather than numerical calculation.
The first NeurIPS conference was held in 1987 in Denver, with Ed Posner as conference president and Yaser Abu-Mostafa as program chairman; its proceedings were published as volume 0 of the series.
The specialized Lisp machine market collapsed as cheaper general-purpose workstations caught up, a shift tied to the second AI winter. Most makers were out of business by the early 90s.
In October 1986 Rumelhart, Hinton and Williams published a Nature paper showing that networks with hidden units can learn useful internal representations by back-propagation — with the 1987 PDP volumes, a key publication of connectionism's second wave.
The Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) held its first meeting in Washington, DC in 1983, organised by Takeo Kanade and Dana H. Ballard. It became one of the central venues where computer vision research is presented and compared.
Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry launched a ten-year national project in 1982 to build a logic-programming, massively parallel computer for artificial intelligence. It produced working parallel inference machines but ended in commercial failure.
The first International Workshop on Machine Learning, held at Carnegie Mellon University in July 1980, was the meeting that grew into ICML, today one of the three main machine learning conferences.
Founded in 1979, AAAI is a nonprofit scientific society for artificial intelligence that runs conferences and workshops, publishes a quarterly magazine and conference proceedings, and promotes safe, responsible AI research and public understanding.
In 1975 the ACM gave its A.M. Turing Award jointly to Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon, citing two decades of work that helped establish artificial intelligence, the psychology of human cognition and list processing.
In the early 1970s DARPA sharply cut back support for undirected academic AI research and redirected money toward mission-oriented military projects. Together with the Lighthill report, the cuts are counted among the episodes that led into the first AI winter.
In 1973 the UK Science Research Council published Sir James Lighthill's survey of AI, which sharply criticised basic research in robotics and language processing and caused a long loss of confidence in the field.
In 1971 the ACM gave John McCarthy the A.M. Turing Award, honouring the researcher who named artificial intelligence, co-founded MIT's AI Project and created the LISP language.
The First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence was held in Washington, DC, from 7 to 9 May 1969, with proceedings covering theorem proving, robotics, natural language parsing and heuristic search; it began a conference series held every other year since.
In 1969 the ACM named Marvin Minsky a Turing Award laureate for his central role in creating and shaping artificial intelligence. He had co-founded MIT's AI laboratory and written an early paper that put symbol manipulation at the centre of the field.
In 1969 Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert published Perceptrons, a mathematical analysis of what perceptrons cannot compute. The book is often credited with contributing to a decline in neural-network research.
The 1966 report of the Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee, a seven-scientist panel led by John R. Pierce, judged machine translation slower, costlier and less accurate than human translation, and was followed by a sharp cut in US funding.
On 13 June 1962, nine researchers founded the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, which in 1968 became the Association for Computational Linguistics — the professional society that organises the field's meetings and publications.
