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In 2011 ACM gave Judea Pearl the A.M. Turing Award for a calculus of probabilistic and causal reasoning, work that began with his invention of Bayesian networks and later produced the do-calculus for causal inference.
In October 2010 Google said its self-driving cars had driven more than 140,000 miles on public roads, and reported that the only crash was a car rear-ended at a traffic light.
On 17 January 2009 Google began developing self-driving cars in its Google X lab; the project, revealed in October 2010 after 140,000 miles of testing, was later renamed Waymo.
On 3 November 2007, self-driving vehicles raced through a staged city course at the former George Air Force Base in California; Carnegie Mellon's Tartan Racing won with Boss, a modified Chevy Tahoe, and six teams finished the full course.
On 19 July 2007 the University of Alberta announced that its Chinook program had solved checkers: with perfect play by both sides the game is always a draw, and the program can be drawn but never beaten.
In 2007 IBM Research began building a computer that could take on Jeopardy! champions. The project produced the DeepQA architecture and Watson, which beat the show's two top-ranked players in 2011.
AI@50 was a 2006 conference at Dartmouth College marking fifty years since the 1956 Dartmouth Summer Research Project, where the term "artificial intelligence" had been coined. Several of the original participants returned for three days of talks.
Geoffrey Hinton dated the current popularity of "deep learning" to a 2006 paper on deep belief nets, but the same words had earlier uses, including Rina Dechter's work in 1986.
On 8 October 2005 Stanford's Stanley won the second DARPA Grand Challenge, completing a 212 km desert course in under seven hours and becoming the first autonomous vehicle to finish the event.
In June 2005 IBM and EPFL announced the Blue Brain Project, a two-year effort to model the neocortical column of a rodent on a Blue Gene supercomputer, launched by Henry Markram and backed by the Swiss Confederation.
The first DARPA Grand Challenge, held on 13 March 2004, offered USD 1 million for a driverless vehicle that could cross the desert course in under ten hours. Fifteen vehicles started; none finished, and the prize went unawarded.
In January 2004 NASA's Spirit and Opportunity landed on Mars carrying autonomous navigation software. The mission was planned around about one kilometre of driving; the rovers went much farther, with a large share of their early driving decided on Mars rather than on Earth.
A 2004 CIFAR research program proposed by Geoffrey Hinton with Yoshua Bengio and David Fleet, which CIFAR describes as the starting point of the deep learning era and the predecessor of today's Learning in Machines & Brains program.
In 2003 DARPA launched the PAL program to build cognitive assistants that could manage email and calendars, and SRI began CALO, its own large component of that effort.
On 1 November 2001 the W3C started the Web Ontology Working Group, which developed OWL and saw it become a W3C Recommendation on 10 February 2004, before closing in May 2004 having completed its charter.
In 2001 iRobot's PackBot carried out search operations at the World Trade Center site after the September 11 attacks; the machine grew out of a 1998 DARPA tactical-robot contract, and the US military first deployed it the following year.
In January 2000, Carnegie Mellon announced that its NASA-funded rover prototype Nomad was searching for meteorites in Antarctica, and that the public could follow the hunt through the Big Signal Web site. The BBC reported the expedition as the first time a robot found extraterrestrial material on Earth.
In May 1997 IBM's Deep Blue beat world chess champion Garry Kasparov 3.5–2.5 in a six-game match in New York, the first time a computer defeated a reigning world champion under standard tournament time controls.
In February 1996 IBM's Deep Blue played reigning world champion Garry Kasparov in a six-game match in Philadelphia, winning game one before Kasparov took the match 4–2.
In 1995 a Mercedes 500 SEL built by Ernst Dickmanns' team drove over 2,000 km from Munich to Copenhagen and back in traffic, using cameras only, reaching 180 km/h and averaging 9 km between human interventions.
In October 1994 VaMP and VITA-2, research cars built by Ernst Dickmanns' team with Mercedes-Benz, closed the EUREKA PROMETHEUS programme by driving over 1,000 km in highway traffic, changing lanes and overtaking at up to 130 km/h with a safety driver aboard.
